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Here's How to Write a Perfect Speech | Grammarly
Here's How to Write a Perfect Speech | Grammarly
Grammarly HomeProductLearnFeaturesProduct DemoTrust & SecurityDownloadDesktopMobileBrowserWorkBy Team SizeEnterpriseTeams & BusinessesIndividualsBy Team FunctionCustomer SupportMarketingITSalesHREducationStudentsInstitutionsPricingResourcesLearnBlogCustomer StoriesBusiness Events & ReportsEducation Events & ReportsSupport CenterToolsAI Writing ToolsGrammar CheckerPlagiarism CheckerParaphrasing ToolContact SalesLog inGet GrammarlyIt's freeGrammarly HomeProductLearnFeaturesProduct DemoTrust & SecurityDownloadDesktopMobileBrowserWorkBy Team SizeEnterpriseTeams & BusinessesIndividualsBy Team FunctionCustomer SupportMarketingITSalesHREducationStudentsInstitutionsPricingResourcesLearnBlogCustomer StoriesBusiness Events & ReportsEducation Events & ReportsSupport CenterToolsAI Writing ToolsGrammar CheckerPlagiarism CheckerParaphrasing ToolGet GrammarlyIt's freeContact SalesLog inGrammarly Blog HomeWritingWriting TipsGrammarStudentsProfessionalsLifestyleProductCompanyGrammarly HomeWritingWriting TipsGrammarStudentsProfessionalsLifestyleProductCompanyGet GrammarlyIt's freeContact SalesLog inIf You Want to Write a Great Speech, Here’s How to Do ItJoanna CutraraUpdated on May 22, 2019Writing TipsWriting a speech isn’t all that different than writing for other mediums. You need to know your audience, the required length, and the purpose or topic. This is true whether your speech is for a business conference, a wedding, a school project, or any other scenario.
But there’s something about speech writing that’s especially nerve-wracking.
If you write and deliver a speech that doesn’t go over well, you’ll get feedback in real time. The people sitting in front of you could lose interest, start talking, doze off, or even wander out of the room. (Don’t worry, only audiences in movies throw tomatoes).
Of course, a poor speech is not the end of the world. You can give plenty of crummy speeches and live to tell the tale.
But we also know that a great speech is capable of changing the world. Or at least sparking an audience’s imagination, catapulting your business into success, earning an A+ on your assignment, or ensuring that the bride and groom are still friends with you after the wedding.
So if you’re feeling stressed over your impending speech writing duties, fret no more! Today we’re breaking down for you the step-by-step process of exactly how to write a great speech.
Here’s a tip: Want to make sure your writing shines? Grammarly can check your spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. It even proofreads your text, so your work is extra polished wherever you write.
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1
Tips to write (and live) by
Let’s start with the 30,000 foot, big-picture view. These are the tenets that will guide you in your speech writing process (and pretty much anything else you want to write).
Know the purpose: What are you trying to accomplish with your speech? Educate, inspire, entertain, argue a point? Your goals will dictate the tone and structure, and result in dramatically different speeches.
Know your audience: Your speech should be tailored for your audience, both in terms of ideas and language. If you’re speaking at a sound healer convention, you won’t need to explain the concept of energetic blocks. And if you’re speaking to an octogenarians-only quilting circle, you probably shouldn’t drop as many F-bombs as you would with your local biker gang.
Know the length: You don’t want to underwhelm or overwhelm your audience.Ten minutes may be too short for your keynote address, but it’s probably too long for your best man speech. Don’t leave things up to chance. Your writing process will be much easier if you keep your eye on your target length.
Write, revise, practice, revise, practice…: MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech wasn’t written in a day. Give yourself the time you need to practice your material and work through multiple drafts. Don’t expect to nail everything on the first try.
2
The step-by-step process
Still feeling stressed over how to get started? Here’s how to write your speech from concept to completion.
Step 1: Outline your speech’s structure. What are the main ideas for each section?
Step 2: Flesh out the main ideas in your outline. Don’t worry about finding the perfect words. Just let your creativity flow and get it all out!
Step 3: Edit and polish what you’ve written until you have a cohesive first draft of your speech
Step 4: Practice, practice, practice. The more you practice your speech the more you’ll discover which sections need reworked, which transitions should be improved, and which sentences are hard to say. You’ll also find out how you’re doing on length.
Step 5: Update, practice, and revise your speech until it has a great flow and you feel it’s ready to accomplish its purpose.
3
The universal structure
Getting hung up on Step 1? Here’s a structure you can follow for any type of speech.
Introduction
Who are you, why are are you giving this speech, what is your main thesis?
The “who” and “why” can be longer or shorter depending on the context. For example, if you’re speaking at a wedding, you’ll want to explain your relationship to the bride and groom and why they mean so much to you. But if you’re presenting to your class at school, you may be able to head straight into your thesis.
If you’re presenting in a business or motivational setting, this is a crucial time to hook your audience’s attention and pique their curiosity. Typically someone else will have already introduced you and your accolades, so use this to your advantage and dive straight in.
“Hi everyone, it’s great to be here! As Kevin just said, I’ve been an urban beet farmer for 30 years, and a couple years back I got this absolutely crazy idea. What if…”
Main message
Idea 1, Idea 2, Idea 3…
The majority of your speech should be spent presenting your thesis and supporting material in a simple, organized way.
Whether you’re giving an inspirational talk or a business presentation, rambling is a sure-fire way to lose your audience’s attention. Don’t try to share absolutely everything you know on your topic, instead pick a few (two to five) key points to present to your audience.
Stick to one point at a time and finish the thought before you move on to the next. Build in clear, logical transitions from idea to idea.
Want to make your speech memorable? Studies have shown our brains are great at remember stories! As much as is appropriate, make your speech personal and include your own anecdotes and thoughts.
We’re also better at remembering big ideas if they’re condensed into a few memorable words, so do your best to sum up your thesis.
“I have a dream.”
“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”
“Make good art.”
Takeaway
What do you want your audience to walk out of the room remembering?
Wrap everything up and drive home your main idea, whether that’s through providing a few (one to three) key takeaways, or telling one last story that perfectly illustrates your point.
Here are some examples of how your outline might look
As a researcher presenting your findings…
Introduction: Explain the key problem or question of your research.
Main message: Describe the research process, then describe your three key findings.
Takeaway: Present your conclusions and their implications, then your next steps for moving forward.
As the maid of honor giving a speech at your best friend’s wedding…
Introduction: Explain who you are and how you met the bride.
Main message: Recount three funny and heartwarming stories about your decades-long friendship with her, plus your first impressions of the groom.
Takeaway: Wrap things up by expounding on how amazing the bride and groom’s love for each other is, how they’re meant to be together, and how you know their love will last a lifetime. …L’chaim!
What are your favorite tips for writing a great speech?
Here’s a tip: Grammarly’s Citation Generator ensures your essays have flawless citations and no plagiarism. Try it for citing speeches in Chicago, MLA, and APA styles.
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Speech - Wikipedia
Speech - Wikipedia
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1Evolution
2Production
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2.1Errors
3Perception
4Development
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4.1Repetition
5Problems
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5.1Treatment
6Brain physiology
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6.1Classical model
6.2Modern research
7Animal communication
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Speech
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Human vocal communication using spoken language
For the process of speaking to a group of people, see Public speaking. For other uses, see Speech (disambiguation).
Speech production visualized by Real-time MRI
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Speech is a human vocal communication using language. Each language uses phonetic combinations of vowel and consonant sounds that form the sound of its words (that is, all English words sound different from all French words, even if they are the same word, e.g., "role" or "hotel"), and using those words in their semantic character as words in the lexicon of a language according to the syntactic constraints that govern lexical words' function in a sentence. In speaking, speakers perform many different intentional speech acts, e.g., informing, declaring, asking, persuading, directing, and can use enunciation, intonation, degrees of loudness, tempo, and other non-representational or paralinguistic aspects of vocalization to convey meaning. In their speech, speakers also unintentionally communicate many aspects of their social position such as sex, age, place of origin (through accent), physical states (alertness and sleepiness, vigor or weakness, health or illness), psychological states (emotions or moods), physico-psychological states (sobriety or drunkenness, normal consciousness and trance states), education or experience, and the like.
Although people ordinarily use speech in dealing with other persons (or animals), when people swear they do not always mean to communicate anything to anyone, and sometimes in expressing urgent emotions or desires they use speech as a quasi-magical cause, as when they encourage a player in a game to do or warn them not to do something. There are also many situations in which people engage in solitary speech. People talk to themselves sometimes in acts that are a development of what some psychologists (e.g., Lev Vygotsky) have maintained is the use of silent speech in an interior monologue to vivify and organize cognition, sometimes in the momentary adoption of a dual persona as self addressing self as though addressing another person. Solo speech can be used to memorize or to test one's memorization of things, and in prayer or in meditation (e.g., the use of a mantra).
Researchers study many different aspects of speech: speech production and speech perception of the sounds used in a language, speech repetition, speech errors, the ability to map heard spoken words onto the vocalizations needed to recreate them, which plays a key role in children's enlargement of their vocabulary, and what different areas of the human brain, such as Broca's area and Wernicke's area, underlie speech. Speech is the subject of study for linguistics, cognitive science, communication studies, psychology, computer science, speech pathology, otolaryngology, and acoustics.
Speech compares with written language,[1] which may differ in its vocabulary, syntax, and phonetics from the spoken language, a situation called diglossia.
The evolutionary origins of speech are unknown and subject to much debate and speculation. While animals also communicate using vocalizations, and trained apes such as Washoe and Kanzi can use simple sign language, no animals' vocalizations are articulated phonemically and syntactically, and do not constitute speech.
Evolution[edit]
Main article: Origin of speech
Although related to the more general problem of the origin of language, the evolution of distinctively human speech capacities has become a distinct and in many ways separate area of scientific research.[2][3][4][5][6] The topic is a separate one because language is not necessarily spoken: it can equally be written or signed. Speech is in this sense optional, although it is the default modality for language.
Places of articulation (passive and active):1. Exo-labial, 2. Endo-labial, 3. Dental, 4. Alveolar, 5. Post-alveolar, 6. Pre-palatal, 7. Palatal, 8. Velar, 9. Uvular, 10. Pharyngeal, 11. Glottal, 12. Epiglottal, 13. Radical, 14. Postero-dorsal, 15. Antero-dorsal, 16. Laminal, 17. Apical, 18. Sub-apical
Monkeys, non-human apes and humans, like many other animals, have evolved specialised mechanisms for producing sound for purposes of social communication.[7] On the other hand, no monkey or ape uses its tongue for such purposes.[8][9] The human species' unprecedented use of the tongue, lips and other moveable parts seems to place speech in a quite separate category, making its evolutionary emergence an intriguing theoretical challenge in the eyes of many scholars.[10]
Determining the timeline of human speech evolution is made additionally challenging by the lack of data in the fossil record. The human vocal tract does not fossilize, and indirect evidence of vocal tract changes in hominid fossils has proven inconclusive.[10]
Production[edit]
Main articles: Speech production and Linguistics
Speech production is an unconscious multi-step process by which thoughts are generated into spoken utterances. Production involves the unconscious mind selecting appropriate words and the appropriate form of those words from the lexicon and morphology, and the organization of those words through the syntax. Then, the phonetic properties of the words are retrieved and the sentence is articulated through the articulations associated with those phonetic properties.[11]
In linguistics, articulatory phonetics is the study of how the tongue, lips, jaw, vocal cords, and other speech organs are used to make sounds. Speech sounds are categorized by manner of articulation and place of articulation. Place of articulation refers to where in the neck or mouth the airstream is constricted. Manner of articulation refers to the manner in which the speech organs interact, such as how closely the air is restricted, what form of airstream is used (e.g. pulmonic, implosive, ejectives, and clicks), whether or not the vocal cords are vibrating, and whether the nasal cavity is opened to the airstream.[12] The concept is primarily used for the production of consonants, but can be used for vowels in qualities such as voicing and nasalization. For any place of articulation, there may be several manners of articulation, and therefore several homorganic consonants.
Normal human speech is pulmonic, produced with pressure from the lungs, which creates phonation in the glottis in the larynx, which is then modified by the vocal tract and mouth into different vowels and consonants. However humans can pronounce words without the use of the lungs and glottis in alaryngeal speech, of which there are three types: esophageal speech, pharyngeal speech and buccal speech (better known as Donald Duck talk).
Errors[edit]
Main article: Speech error
Speech production is a complex activity, and as a consequence errors are common, especially in children. Speech errors come in many forms and are used to provide evidence to support hypotheses about the nature of speech.[13] As a result, speech errors are often used in the construction of models for language production and child language acquisition. For example, the fact that children often make the error of over-regularizing the -ed past tense suffix in English (e.g. saying 'singed' instead of 'sang') shows that the regular forms are acquired earlier.[14][15] Speech errors associated with certain kinds of aphasia have been used to map certain components of speech onto the brain and see the relation between different aspects of production; for example, the difficulty of expressive aphasia patients in producing regular past-tense verbs, but not irregulars like 'sing-sang' has been used to demonstrate that regular inflected forms of a word are not individually stored in the lexicon, but produced from affixation to the base form.[16]
Perception[edit]
Main article: Speech perception
Speech perception refers to the processes by which humans can interpret and understand the sounds used in language. The study of speech perception is closely linked to the fields of phonetics and phonology in linguistics and cognitive psychology and perception in psychology. Research in speech perception seeks to understand how listeners recognize speech sounds and use this information to understand spoken language. Research into speech perception also has applications in building computer systems that can recognize speech, as well as improving speech recognition for hearing- and language-impaired listeners.[17]
Speech perception is categorical, in that people put the sounds they hear into categories rather than perceiving them as a spectrum. People are more likely to be able to hear differences in sounds across categorical boundaries than within them. A good example of this is voice onset time (VOT), one aspect of the phonetic production of consonant sounds. For example, Hebrew speakers, who distinguish voiced /b/ from voiceless /p/, will more easily detect a change in VOT from -10 ( perceived as /b/ ) to 0 ( perceived as /p/ ) than a change in VOT from +10 to +20, or -10 to -20, despite this being an equally large change on the VOT spectrum.[18]
Development[edit]
Main article: Language development
Most human children develop proto-speech babbling behaviors when they are four to six months old. Most will begin saying their first words at some point during the first year of life. Typical children progress through two or three word phrases before three years of age followed by short sentences by four years of age.[19]
Repetition[edit]
Main article: Speech repetition
In speech repetition, speech being heard is quickly turned from sensory input into motor instructions needed for its immediate or delayed vocal imitation (in phonological memory). This type of mapping plays a key role in enabling children to expand their spoken vocabulary. Masur (1995) found that how often children repeat novel words versus those they already have in their lexicon is related to the size of their lexicon later on, with young children who repeat more novel words having a larger lexicon later in development. Speech repetition could help facilitate the acquisition of this larger lexicon.[20]
Problems[edit]
See also: Speech disorder
This section needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Speech" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022)
There are several organic and psychological factors that can affect speech. Among these are:
Diseases and disorders of the lungs or the vocal cords, including paralysis, respiratory infections (bronchitis), vocal fold nodules and cancers of the lungs and throat.
Diseases and disorders of the brain, including alogia, aphasias, dysarthria, dystonia and speech processing disorders, where impaired motor planning, nerve transmission, phonological processing or perception of the message (as opposed to the actual sound) leads to poor speech production.
Hearing problems, such as otitis media with effusion, and listening problems, auditory processing disorders, can lead to phonological problems. In addition to dysphasia, anomia and auditory processing disorder impede the quality of auditory perception, and therefore, expression. Those who are deaf or hard of hearing may be considered to fall into this category.
Articulatory problems, such as slurred speech, stuttering, lisping, cleft palate, ataxia, or nerve damage leading to problems in articulation. Tourette syndrome and tics can also affect speech. Various congenital and acquired tongue diseases can affect speech as can motor neuron disease.
Psychiatric disorders have been shown to change speech acoustic features, where for instance, fundamental frequency of voice (perceived as pitch) tends to be significantly lower in major depressive disorder than in healthy controls.[21] Therefore, speech is being investigated as a potential biomarker for mental health disorders.
Speech and language disorders can also result from stroke,[22] brain injury,[23] hearing loss,[24] developmental delay,[25] a cleft palate,[26] cerebral palsy,[27] or emotional issues.[28]
Treatment[edit]
Main article: Speech–language pathology
Speech-related diseases, disorders, and conditions can be treated by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) or speech therapist. SLPs assess levels of speech needs, make diagnoses based on the assessments, and then treat the diagnoses or address the needs.[29]
Brain physiology[edit]
Classical model[edit]
Broca's and Wernicke's areas
The classical or Wernicke-Geschwind model of the language system in the brain focuses on Broca's area in the inferior prefrontal cortex, and Wernicke's area in the posterior superior temporal gyrus on the dominant hemisphere of the brain (typically the left hemisphere for language). In this model, a linguistic auditory signal is first sent from the auditory cortex to Wernicke's area. The lexicon is accessed in Wernicke's area, and these words are sent via the arcuate fasciculus to Broca's area, where morphology, syntax, and instructions for articulation are generated. This is then sent from Broca's area to the motor cortex for articulation.[30]
Paul Broca identified an approximate region of the brain in 1861 which, when damaged in two of his patients, caused severe deficits in speech production, where his patients were unable to speak beyond a few monosyllabic words. This deficit, known as Broca's or expressive aphasia, is characterized by difficulty in speech production where speech is slow and labored, function words are absent, and syntax is severely impaired, as in telegraphic speech. In expressive aphasia, speech comprehension is generally less affected except in the comprehension of grammatically complex sentences.[31] Wernicke's area is named after Carl Wernicke, who in 1874 proposed a connection between damage to the posterior area of the left superior temporal gyrus and aphasia, as he noted that not all aphasic patients had had damage to the prefrontal cortex.[32] Damage to Wernicke's area produces Wernicke's or receptive aphasia, which is characterized by relatively normal syntax and prosody but severe impairment in lexical access, resulting in poor comprehension and nonsensical or jargon speech.[31]
Modern research[edit]
Modern models of the neurological systems behind linguistic comprehension and production recognize the importance of Broca's and Wernicke's areas, but are not limited to them nor solely to the left hemisphere.[33] Instead, multiple streams are involved in speech production and comprehension. Damage to the left lateral sulcus has been connected with difficulty in processing and producing morphology and syntax, while lexical access and comprehension of irregular forms (e.g. eat-ate) remain unaffected.[34]
Moreover, the circuits involved in human speech comprehension dynamically adapt with learning, for example, by becoming more efficient in terms of processing time when listening to familiar messages such as learned verses.[35]
Animal communication[edit]
Main article: Talking animals
Some non-human animals can produce sounds or gestures resembling those of a human language.[36] Several species or groups of animals have developed forms of communication which superficially resemble verbal language, however, these usually are not considered a language because they lack one or more of the defining characteristics, e.g. grammar, syntax, recursion, and displacement. Researchers have been successful in teaching some animals to make gestures similar to sign language,[37][38] although whether this should be considered a language has been disputed.[39]
See also[edit]
Language portalLinguistics portalFreedom of speech portalSociety portal
FOXP2
Freedom of speech
Imagined speech
Index of linguistics articles
List of language disorders
Spatial hearing loss
Speechwriter
Talking birds
Vocology
References[edit]
^ "Speech". American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2020-08-07. Retrieved 2018-09-13.
^ Hockett, Charles F. (1960). "The Origin of Speech" (PDF). Scientific American. 203 (3): 88–96. Bibcode:1960SciAm.203c..88H. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0960-88. PMID 14402211. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-01-06. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
^ Corballis, Michael C. (2002). From hand to mouth : the origins of language. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-08803-7. OCLC 469431753.
^ Lieberman, Philip (1984). The biology and evolution of language. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674074132. OCLC 10071298.
^ Lieberman, Philip (2000). Human language and our reptilian brain : the subcortical bases of speech, syntax, and thought. Vol. 44. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 32–51. doi:10.1353/pbm.2001.0011. ISBN 9780674002265. OCLC 43207451. PMID 11253303. S2CID 38780927. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^ Abry, Christian; Boë, Louis-Jean; Laboissière, Rafael; Schwartz, Jean-Luc (1998). "A new puzzle for the evolution of speech?". Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 21 (4): 512–513. doi:10.1017/S0140525X98231268. S2CID 145180611.
^ Kelemen, G. (1963). Comparative anatomy and performance of the vocal organ in vertebrates. In R. Busnel (ed.), Acoustic behavior of animals. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 489–521.
^ Riede, T.; Bronson, E.; Hatzikirou, H.; Zuberbühler, K. (Jan 2005). "Vocal production mechanisms in a non-human primate: morphological data and a model" (PDF). J Hum Evol. 48 (1): 85–96. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.10.002. PMID 15656937. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2022-08-12.
^ Riede, T.; Bronson, E.; Hatzikirou, H.; Zuberbühler, K. (February 2006). "Multiple discontinuities in nonhuman vocal tracts – A reply". Journal of Human Evolution. 50 (2): 222–225. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.10.005.
^ a b Fitch, W.Tecumseh (July 2000). "The evolution of speech: a comparative review". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 4 (7): 258–267. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.22.3754. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01494-7. PMID 10859570. S2CID 14706592.
^ Levelt, Willem J. M. (1999). "Models of word production". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 3 (6): 223–32. doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01319-4. PMID 10354575. S2CID 7939521.
^ Catford, J.C.; Esling, J.H. (2006). "Articulatory Phonetics". In Brown, Keith (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. pp. 425–42.
^ Fromkin, Victoria (1973). "Introduction". Speech Errors as Linguistic Evidence. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 11–46.
^ Plunkett, Kim; Juola, Patrick (1999). "A connectionist model of english past tense and plural morphology". Cognitive Science. 23 (4): 463–90. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.545.3746. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2304_4.
^ Nicoladis, Elena; Paradis, Johanne (2012). "Acquiring Regular and Irregular Past Tense Morphemes in English and French: Evidence From Bilingual Children". Language Learning. 62 (1): 170–97. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00628.x.
^ Ullman, Michael T.; et al. (2005). "Neural correlates of lexicon and grammar: Evidence from the production,reading, and judgement of inflection in aphasia". Brain and Language. 93 (2): 185–238. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2004.10.001. PMID 15781306. S2CID 14991615.
^ Kennison, Shelia (2013). Introduction to Language Development. Los Angeles: Sage.
^ Kishon-Rabin, Liat; Rotshtein, Shira; Taitelbaum, Riki (2002). "Underlying Mechanism for Categorical Perception: Tone-Onset Time and Voice-Onset Time Evidence of Hebrew Voicing". Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 13 (2): 117–34. doi:10.1515/jbcpp.2002.13.2.117. PMID 16411426. S2CID 9986779.
^ "Speech and Language Developmental Milestones". National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. National Insistitutes of Health. 13 October 2022.
^ Masur, Elise (1995). "Infants' Early Verbal Imitation and Their Later Lexical Development". Merrill-Palmer Quarterly. 41 (3): 286–306.
^ Low DM, Bentley KH, Ghosh, SS (2020). "Automated assessment of psychiatric disorders using speech: A systematic review". Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. 5 (1): 96–116. doi:10.1002/lio2.354. PMC 7042657. PMID 32128436.
^ Richards, Emma (June 2012). "Communication and swallowing problems after stroke". Nursing and Residential Care. 14 (6): 282–286. doi:10.12968/nrec.2012.14.6.282.
^ Zasler, Nathan D.; Katz, Douglas I.; Zafonte, Ross D.; Arciniegas, David B.; Bullock, M. Ross; Kreutzer, Jeffrey S., eds. (2013). Brain injury medicine principles and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Demos Medical. pp. 1086–1104, 1111–1117. ISBN 9781617050572.
^ Ching, Teresa Y. C. (2015). "Is early intervention effective in improving spoken language outcomes of children with congenital hearing loss?". American Journal of Audiology. 24 (3): 345–348. doi:10.1044/2015_aja-15-0007. PMC 4659415. PMID 26649545.
^ The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. "Developmental Delay: An Information Guide for Parents" (PDF). The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ Bauman-Waengler, Jacqueline (2011). Articulatory and phonological impairments: a clinical focus (4th ed., International ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education. pp. 378–385. ISBN 9780132719957.
^ "Speech and Language Therapy". CerebralPalsy.org. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
^ Cross, Melanie (2011). Children with social, emotional and behavioural difficulties and communication problems: there is always a reason (2nd ed.). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
^ "Speech–Language Pathologists". ASHA.org. American Speech–Language–Hearing Association. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
^ Kertesz, A. (2005). "Wernicke–Geschwind Model". In L. Nadel, Encyclopedia of cognitive science. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
^ a b Hillis, A.E., & Caramazza, A. (2005). "Aphasia". In L. Nadel, Encyclopedia of cognitive science. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
^ Wernicke K. (1995). "The aphasia symptom-complex: A psychological study on an anatomical basis (1875)". In Paul Eling (ed.). Reader in the History of Aphasia: From sasi(Franz Gall to). Vol. 4. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub Co. pp. 69–89. ISBN 978-90-272-1893-3.
^ Nakai, Y; Jeong, JW; Brown, EC; Rothermel, R; Kojima, K; Kambara, T; Shah, A; Mittal, S; Sood, S; Asano, E (2017). "Three- and four-dimensional mapping of speech and language in patients with epilepsy". Brain. 140 (5): 1351–70. doi:10.1093/brain/awx051. PMC 5405238. PMID 28334963.
^ Tyler, Lorraine K.; Marslen-Wilson, William (2009). "Fronto-temporal brain systems supporting spoken language comprehension". In Moore, Brian C.J.; Tyler, Lorraine K.; Marslen-Wilson, William D. (eds.). The Perception of Speech: from sound to meaning. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 193–217. ISBN 978-0-19-956131-5.
^ Cervantes Constantino, F; Simon, JZ (2018). "Restoration and Efficiency of the Neural Processing of Continuous Speech Are Promoted by Prior Knowledge". Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience. 12 (56): 56. doi:10.3389/fnsys.2018.00056. PMC 6220042. PMID 30429778.
^ "Can any animals talk and use language like humans?". BBC. 16 February 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 12 August 2022.
^ Hillix, William A.; Rumbaugh, Duane M. (2004), "Washoe, the First Signing Chimpanzee", Animal Bodies, Human Minds: Ape, Dolphin, and Parrot Language Skills, Springer US, pp. 69–85, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4512-2_5, ISBN 978-1-4419-3400-0
^ Hu, Jane C. (Aug 20, 2014). "What Do Talking Apes Really Tell Us?". Slate. Archived from the original on October 12, 2018. Retrieved Jan 19, 2020.
^ Terrace, Herbert S. (December 1982). "Why Koko Can't Talk". The Sciences. 22 (9): 8–10. doi:10.1002/j.2326-1951.1982.tb02120.x. ISSN 0036-861X.
Further reading[edit]
(in French) Fitzpatrick, Élizabeth M. Apprendre à écouter et à parler. University of Ottawa Press, 2013. Available at Project MUSE.
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What Is a Speech?
What Is a Speech?
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What Is a Speech?Most people find it difficult to write a speech for themselves. This is because sometimes, whatever is written on print might sound different when said aloud. There’s always the struggle of proper pronunciation and diction, not to mention the fact that delivering a speech can be a a very nerve-racking experience for anyone.
There’s no denying that it’s probably not for everybody. But most of the time, we’re forced to make it anyway. In order for an individual to give an effective speech, one must construct it well and deliver it with confidence.
What Is a Speech?
A speech is a form of verbal or nonverbal communication that is delivered for a given purpose. Good speech communication serves as an important aspect for many professions in terms of promoting proper communication between individuals.
Some speech examples are given during special occasions, such as a wedding speech and a valedictorian speech, while others are made for formal business gatherings.
How to Start a Speech with Power and Confidence
The common misconception about giving a good keynote speech is that it’s a skill that you’re supposedly born with. Obviously, this is not always the case. It’s a skill that you develop overtime through constant practice.
It’s natural to get nervous, everyone does, although it’s not always obvious. This is because it’s all in the mind, if you have a positive mindset then you’re sure to develop the confidence you need. It’s all about believing in yourself, despite all the uncertainties.
Stand straight. Chin up. And look straight at your audience.
This will give you a sense of dominance. Not only that, you would also need to have a certain tone in your voice. When you speak with power, people will want to listen to what you have to say. Whether it’s a motivational speech or a leadership speech, establish your credibility by giving a speech with power and confidence.
Tips for Giving a Killer Speech
Picture everyone in their underwear. Metaphorically speaking, picturing your audience in their underwear would mean to strip them away from how you perceive them, which could probably be a group of monsters who are watching your every move.
Interact with your audience. There’s nothing more interesting than watching a speaker engage the audience into being a part of the conversation.
Observe proper posture. Body language is everything. This will allow you to deliver your speech in word with a high level of confidence.
Avoid dead air. People who are nervous tend to forget the words to say. If this happens, skip this point and come back to it when you remember.
Importance of Speech
A speech examples comes in various forms, all having a specific purpose. The best part about a speech is that it demands to be heard. Whatever a speaker has to say plays a significant purpose for the audience.
It allows the speaker to deliver a message, while the audience listens attentively. Speech in pdf also contributes to human development. It is a continuous learning process that helps develop an individual’s communication skills.
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Speech Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Speech Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
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speech
noun
ˈspēch
Synonyms of speech
1
a
: the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words
b
: exchange of spoken words : conversation
2
a
: something that is spoken : utterance
b
: a usually public discourse : address
3
a
: language, dialect
b
: an individual manner or style of speaking
4
: the power of expressing or communicating thoughts by speaking
Synonyms
address
declamation
harangue
oration
peroration
talk
See all Synonyms & Antonyms in Thesaurus
Examples of speech in a Sentence
She has to make a speech at the convention.
a graduation speech about embracing future challenges
I was so flustered that I momentarily lost the power of speech.
Slang is used mostly in informal speech.
Many words are more common in speech than in writing.
Recent Examples on the Web
Her father, Richard, was the orchestra and marching band director at the University of Mississippi, and her mother, Frances, taught speech and drama at a junior college.
—Mike Barnes, The Hollywood Reporter, 29 Feb. 2024
While the 1st Amendment protects private citizens’ right to free speech, that protection does not extend to government speech.
—Ronnie Cohen, Los Angeles Times, 29 Feb. 2024
Washington Plaza downtown was transformed into a fairground – not for a speech by Biden, but for the start of Charro Days, the three-day event named for the Mexican cowboys of the region’s history.
—USA TODAY, 29 Feb. 2024
Attended by thousands of people, mostly from the religious right, speakers staked out hard-line positions and called, in fiery speeches, on the government to reject making a deal for the release of hostages and to exact a territorial price from the Palestinians in Gaza.
—Isabel Kershner, New York Times, 28 Feb. 2024
The city presented Mayor Greg Hines' speech by playing a prepared video at the start of the City Council meeting.
—Campbell Roper, arkansasonline.com, 28 Feb. 2024
In Wednesday’s budget speech, Chan also said the government would set aside 1.09 billion Hong Kong dollars ($139 million) in funding to support the tourism industry, including organizing fireworks and drone shows each month at Victoria Harbour.
—Laura He, CNN, 28 Feb. 2024
This network offers every type of healthcare service including general practitioners, specialists, pharmacies, hospitals, labs, X-ray facilities, speech therapists, home oxygen, and more.
—Elizabeth Davis, Verywell Health, 27 Feb. 2024
Trump began his meandering speech with a familiarity that belied his relationship with the majority of Black voters.
—Robin Givhan, Washington Post, 27 Feb. 2024
See More
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'speech.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
Word History
Etymology
Middle English speche, from Old English sprǣc, spǣc; akin to Old English sprecan to speak — more at speak
First Known Use
before the 12th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1a
Time Traveler
The first known use of speech was
before the 12th century
See more words from the same century
Phrases Containing speech
acceptance speech
part of speech
freedom of speech
free speech
polite speech
speech community
speech therapy
stump speech
speech form
speech impediment
visible speech
figure of speech
speech day
hate speech
Dictionary Entries Near speech
SpEd
speech
speech community
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“Speech.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/speech. Accessed 12 Mar. 2024.
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Kids Definition
speech
noun
ˈspēch
1
: the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words
2
a
: something that is spoken
b
: a public talk
3
: a form of communication (as a language or dialect) used by a particular group
4
: the power of expressing or communicating thoughts by speaking
Medical Definition
speech
noun
ˈspēch
: the communication or expression of thoughts in spoken words
Legal Definition
speech
noun
: words or conduct used to communicate or express a thought : expression see also commercial speech, freedom of speech, free speech, obscene, symbolic speech
More from Merriam-Webster on speech
Nglish: Translation of speech for Spanish Speakers
Britannica English: Translation of speech for Arabic Speakers
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about speech
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3 Mar 2024
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Speech | Language, Voice Production, Anatomy, & Physiology | Britannica
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speech
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speech
Table of Contents
IntroductionThe regulatorsRespiratory mechanismsBrain functionsThe structure of the larynxCartilages of the larynxLaryngeal musclesExtrinsic musclesIntrinsic musclesVocal cordsSubstitutes for the larynxEsophageal voiceArtificial larynxTheory of voice productionVocal registersThe basic registersStudies of register differencesVocal attributesVocal frequencyVoice typesVocal rangesHarmonic structureVocal stylesIndividual voice qualityIntensitySinging and speakingSynthetic production of speech sounds
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Also known as: spoken language
Written by
Godfrey Edward Arnold
Professor and Director, Division of Otolaryngology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, 1963–79. Coauthor of Voice, Speech, Language; Clinical Communicology.
Godfrey Edward Arnold
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speech, human communication through spoken language. Although many animals possess voices of various types and inflectional capabilities, humans have learned to modulate their voices by articulating the laryngeal tones into audible oral speech. The regulators Respiratory mechanisms Uncover the science behind the transformation of sounds into speechSpeech is the faculty of producing articulated sounds, which, when blended together, form language.(more)See all videos for this articleHuman speech is served by a bellows-like respiratory activator, which furnishes the driving energy in the form of an airstream; a phonating sound generator in the larynx (low in the throat) to transform the energy; a sound-molding resonator in the pharynx (higher in the throat), where the individual voice pattern is shaped; and a speech-forming articulator in the oral cavity (mouth). Normally, but not necessarily, the four structures function in close coordination. Audible speech without any voice is possible during toneless whisper, and there can be phonation without oral articulation as in some aspects of yodeling that depend on pharyngeal and laryngeal changes. Silent articulation without breath and voice may be used for lipreading. An early achievement in experimental phonetics at about the end of the 19th century was a description of the differences between quiet breathing and phonic (speaking) respiration. An individual typically breathes approximately 18 to 20 times per minute during rest and much more frequently during periods of strenuous effort. Quiet respiration at rest as well as deep respiration during physical exertion are characterized by symmetry and synchrony of inhalation (inspiration) and exhalation (expiration). Inspiration and expiration are equally long, equally deep, and transport the same amount of air during the same period of time, approximately half a litre (one pint) of air per breath at rest in most adults. Recordings (made with a device called a pneumograph) of respiratory movements during rest depict a curve in which peaks are followed by valleys in fairly regular alternation. Phonic respiration is different; inhalation is much deeper than it is during rest and much more rapid. After one takes this deep breath (one or two litres of air), phonic exhalation proceeds slowly and fairly regularly for as long as the spoken utterance lasts. Trained speakers and singers are able to phonate on one breath for at least 30 seconds, often for as much as 45 seconds, and exceptionally up to one minute. The period during which one can hold a tone on one breath with moderate effort is called the maximum phonation time; this potential depends on such factors as body physiology, state of health, age, body size, physical training, and the competence of the laryngeal voice generator—that is, the ability of the glottis (the vocal cords and the opening between them) to convert the moving energy of the breath stream into audible sound. A marked reduction in phonation time is characteristic of all the laryngeal diseases and disorders that weaken the precision of glottal closure, in which the cords (vocal folds) come close together, for phonation.
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Respiratory movements when one is awake and asleep, at rest and at work, silent and speaking are under constant regulation by the nervous system. Specific respiratory centres within the brain stem regulate the details of respiratory mechanics according to the body needs of the moment. Conversely, the impact of emotions is heard immediately in the manner in which respiration drives the phonic generator; the timid voice of fear, the barking voice of fury, the feeble monotony of melancholy, or the raucous vehemence during agitation are examples. Conversely, many organic diseases of the nervous system or of the breathing mechanism are projected in the sound of the sufferer’s voice. Some forms of nervous system disease make the voice sound tremulous; the voice of the asthmatic sounds laboured and short winded; certain types of disease affecting a part of the brain called the cerebellum cause respiration to be forced and strained so that the voice becomes extremely low and grunting. Such observations have led to the traditional practice of prescribing that vocal education begin with exercises in proper breathing. The mechanism of phonic breathing involves three types of respiration: (1) predominantly pectoral breathing (chiefly by elevation of the chest), (2) predominantly abdominal breathing (through marked movements of the abdominal wall), (3) optimal combination of both (with widening of the lower chest). The female uses upper chest respiration predominantly, the male relies primarily on abdominal breathing. Many voice coaches stress the ideal of a mixture of pectoral (chest) and abdominal breathing for economy of movement. Any exaggeration of one particular breathing habit is impractical and may damage the voice.
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Brain functions How does the McGurk effect trick your brain?The McGurk effect illustrates how visual cues can have an impact on our perception of speech.(more)See all videos for this articleThe question of what the brain does to make the mouth speak or the hand write is still incompletely understood despite a rapidly growing number of studies by specialists in many sciences, including neurology, psychology, psycholinguistics, neurophysiology, aphasiology, speech pathology, cybernetics, and others. A basic understanding, however, has emerged from such study. In evolution, one of the oldest structures in the brain is the so-called limbic system, which evolved as part of the olfactory (smell) sense. It traverses both hemispheres in a front to back direction, connecting many vitally important brain centres as if it were a basic mainline for the distribution of energy and information. The limbic system involves the so-called reticular activating system (structures in the brain stem), which represents the chief brain mechanism of arousal, such as from sleep or from rest to activity. In humans, all activities of thinking and moving (as expressed by speaking or writing) require the guidance of the brain cortex. Moreover, in humans the functional organization of the cortical regions of the brain is fundamentally distinct from that of other species, resulting in high sensitivity and responsiveness toward harmonic frequencies and sounds with pitch, which characterize human speech and music. Know Broca's lesion method in mapping brain activity in humans and how studies of brain disorders to the Broca area help evolve the scientific understanding of cognitionLearn about the brain and how studies of brain disorders—such as aphasia caused by damage to the Broca area—have helped advance the scientific understanding of cognition.(more)See all videos for this articleIn contrast to animals, humans possess several language centres in the dominant brain hemisphere (on the left side in a clearly right-handed person). It was previously thought that left-handers had their dominant hemisphere on the right side, but recent findings tend to show that many left-handed persons have the language centres more equally developed in both hemispheres or that the left side of the brain is indeed dominant. The foot of the third frontal convolution of the brain cortex, called Broca’s area, is involved with motor elaboration of all movements for expressive language. Its destruction through disease or injury causes expressive aphasia, the inability to speak or write. The posterior third of the upper temporal convolution represents Wernicke’s area of receptive speech comprehension. Damage to this area produces receptive aphasia, the inability to understand what is spoken or written as if the patient had never known that language. Broca’s area surrounds and serves to regulate the function of other brain parts that initiate the complex patterns of bodily movement (somatomotor function) necessary for the performance of a given motor act. Swallowing is an inborn reflex (present at birth) in the somatomotor area for mouth, throat, and larynx. From these cells in the motor cortex of the brain emerge fibres that connect eventually with the cranial and spinal nerves that control the muscles of oral speech. In the opposite direction, fibres from the inner ear have a first relay station in the so-called acoustic nuclei of the brain stem. From here the impulses from the ear ascend, via various regulating relay stations for the acoustic reflexes and directional hearing, to the cortical projection of the auditory fibres on the upper surface of the superior temporal convolution (on each side of the brain cortex). This is the cortical hearing centre where the effects of sound stimuli seem to become conscious and understandable. Surrounding this audito-sensory area of initial crude recognition, the inner and outer auditopsychic regions spread over the remainder of the temporal lobe of the brain, where sound signals of all kinds appear to be remembered, comprehended, and fully appreciated. Wernicke’s area (the posterior part of the outer auditopsychic region) appears to be uniquely important for the comprehension of speech sounds. The integrity of these language areas in the cortex seems insufficient for the smooth production and reception of language. The cortical centres are interconnected with various subcortical areas (deeper within the brain) such as those for emotional integration in the thalamus and for the coordination of movements in the cerebellum (hindbrain).
All creatures regulate their performance instantaneously comparing it with what it was intended to be through so-called feedback mechanisms involving the nervous system. Auditory feedback through the ear, for example, informs the speaker about the pitch, volume, and inflection of his voice, the accuracy of articulation, the selection of the appropriate words, and other audible features of his utterance. Another feedback system through the proprioceptive sense (represented by sensory structures within muscles, tendons, joints, and other moving parts) provides continual information on the position of these parts. Limitations of these systems curtail the quality of speech as observed in pathologic examples (deafness, paralysis, underdevelopment).
SPEECH | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
SPEECH | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary
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English
Meaning of speech in English
speechnoun uk
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/spiːtʃ/ us
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/spiːtʃ/
speech noun
(SAY WORDS)
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B1 [ U ] the ability to talk, the activity of talking, or a piece of spoken language: Children usually develop speech in the second year of life. People who suffer a stroke may experience a loss of speech.
[ U ] the way a person talks: His speech was slurred and I thought he was drunk.
B1 [ U ] the language used when talking: Some expressions are used more in speech than in writing.
[ C ] a set of words spoken in a play: Do you know the words to Hamlet's famous speech at the beginning of Act III?
More examplesFewer examplesShe suffers from a speech defect.From her slow, deliberate speech I guessed she must be drunk.Freedom of speech and freedom of thought were both denied under the dictatorship.As a child, she had some speech problems.We use these aids to develop speech in small children.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Informal talking & conversation
a problem shared is a problem halved idiom
bantering
banteringly
bants
bloviate
bull session
buzz
catch
chew the fat idiom
conversation
conversational
gambit
palaver
pass
patter
persiflage
put the world to rights idiom
shoot
take/lead someone on/to one side idiom
tête-à-tête
See more results »
You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:
Ways of speaking
Literature
speech noun
(FORMAL TALK)
B2 [ C ] a formal talk given usually to a large number of people on a special occasion: I had to give/make a speech at my brother's wedding. The Governor of New York delivered a rousing speech to the national convention. He gave the after-dinner speech (= a talk given after a formal evening meal at which a large number of people are present). Did you hear her acceptance speech at the Oscars ceremony? See also
speak (FORMAL TALK)
Thesaurus: synonyms, antonyms, and examples
a talktalkShe will give a talk on keeping kids safe on the internet.lectureThe lecture is entitled "War and the Modern American Presidency".presentationWe were given a presentation of progress made to date.speechYou might have to make a speech when you accept the award.addressHe took the oath of office then delivered his inaugural address.orationIt was to become one of the most famous orations in American history.
See more results »
More examplesFewer examplesHer speech was received with cheers and a standing ovation.She closed the meeting with a short speech.The vicar's forgetting his lines in the middle of the speech provided some good comedy.Her speech caused outrage among the gay community.She concluded the speech by reminding us of our responsibility.
SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases
Lecturing & addressing
call for papers
CFP
co-present
discourse
eunoia
extemporize
floor
hold
jawbone
lead off
maiden speech
monologue
onto
presentation
sermon
sermonize
speak
speaking
speechify
talk at someone
See more results »
Grammar
Speech into writingBoth speech and writing can be formal or informal. Whether language is formal or informal depends on who our readers and listeners are, for what purpose we use the language and the situation in which we use it. For example, an official notice would be written in formal English, whereas the same information would be more commonly written informally by an individual in a less public situation: …
(Definition of speech from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus © Cambridge University Press)
speech | American Dictionary
speechnoun us
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/spitʃ/
speech noun
(TALKING)
Add to word list
Add to word list
[ U ] the ability to talk, or the activity of talking: People who suffer a stroke may experience a loss of speech.
[ U ] Your speech is also your way of talking: His speech became slurred and indistinct.
[ U ] Speech can also mean the language used when talking: Some expressions are used more in speech than in writing.
speech noun
(FORMAL TALK)
[ C ] a formal talk given usually to a large number of people on a special occasion: an acceptance speech I’m nervous about the speech I’m making tomorrow.
(Definition of speech from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)
Examples of speech
speech
In political speeches and policy documents the tensions between equity, need and choice are reconciled into a seamless narrative of the move towards modernity.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Political speeches and policy documents offer several different resolutions to this tension.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
His speeches were peppered with reviews of national legislation, along with foreign and imperial affairs.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The substance of his speeches is usually nothing said in schoolboy florid rhetoric.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The versification is mixed, but several long speeches, as well as much of the dialogue, is in octosyllabic couplets.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Although responses on flag burning are significantly correlated with data on protest speeches (r 0.33) and public rallies (r 0.37), the relationships are moderate.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Surprisingly little use is made of the protagonists' own writings and speeches, which should have been the first line of study.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
As the volume approaches the present, more and more space is taken up by lengthy quotations from speeches and documents rather than accounts of them.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Workmen did not always listen in silence ; ' mutinous courses ' and ' contemptuous speeches ' expressed a more ugly mood.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Several speeches at the 1897 congress alluded to the perceived significance of theatre beyond mere entertainment.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Like a poet laureate, this professor often had to write poems and speeches for festive occasions, such as the king's birthday or the university's birthday.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
Interviews and press conferences differ from speeches and, even more, from written documents, because one's interlocutors are physically present and are there to ask questions.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The bridge was formally opened amid a fanfare of self-congratulation, reinforced by a parade, official speeches, fireworks and massive press coverage.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
In reporting speeches, as in reporting the ' hard news ', a commitment to nonpartisan ' newsgathering ' could limit the effectiveness of a particular policy advocacy.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
The first layer are those written almost contemporaneously, on the basis of speeches, public documents, and newspaper reports.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
See all examples of speech
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
Collocations with speech
speech
These are words often used in combination with speech.Click on a collocation to see more examples of it.
after-dinner speechIt might be said that this or that was wrong in somebody's after-dinner speech.
From the Hansard archive
Example from the Hansard archive. Contains Parliamentary information licensed under the Open Parliament Licence v3.0
brief speechHer analysis is rich and eloquently demonstrates the wealth of information that can be extracted from one brief speech event.
From the Cambridge English Corpus
campaign speechHe dropped out of the contest prior to the election, but not before delivering his campaign speech to the convention.
From Wikipedia
This example is from Wikipedia and may be reused under a CC BY-SA license.
These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors.
See all collocations with speech
What is the pronunciation of speech?
B1,B1,B2
Translations of speech
in Chinese (Traditional)
說話, 說話能力, 談話…
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in Chinese (Simplified)
说话, 说话能力, 谈话…
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in Spanish
habla, discurso, discurso [masculine…
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in Portuguese
fala, discurso, discurso [masculine]…
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in more languages
in Marathi
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in Turkish
in French
in Catalan
in Dutch
in Tamil
in Hindi
in Gujarati
in Danish
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वाचा, बोलणे, बोलीभाषा…
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話す能力, 話し方, スピーチ…
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konuşma biçimi, lehçe, ağız…
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discours [masculine], langage [masculine], parole…
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parla, discurs…
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het spreken, taal, spraak…
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பேசும் திறன், பேசும் செயல்பாடு அல்லது பேசும் மொழியின் ஒரு பகுதி, ஒரு நபர் பேசும் விதம்…
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बोलने की क्षमता, बोलने की गतिविधि, बोली…
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બોલવાની ક્ષમતા, બોલવાની ક્રિયા, અથવા બોલાતી ભાષાનો એક ભાગ…
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tale, sprog, måde at tale på…
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tal, anförande…
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bertutur, pertuturan, pertuturann…
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die Sprache, das Sprechen, die Rede…
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tale [masculine], taleevne [masculine], tale(evne)…
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بولنے کے لائق, تقریر, قوتِ گویائی…
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мова, мовлення, вимова…
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(устная) речь, речь, выступление…
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మాటలు, మాట్లాడే విధానం, భాష…
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حَديث, خِطاب…
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কথা, বক্তব্য, বাকশক্তি…
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řeč, způsob řeči, projev…
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wicara, perkataan, cara bicara…
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การพูด, คำพูด, ลักษณะการพูด…
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khả năng, hành động nói, lời nói…
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mowa, przemówienie, język…
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말, 연설…
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parola, modo di parlare, linguaggio…
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speculum
speculum metal
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speech
speech act
BETA
speech and language therapist
speech and language therapy
speech bubble
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free speech
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a figure of speech idiom
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response
UK
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/rɪˈspɒns/
US
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/rɪˈspɑːns/
an answer or reaction
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Contents
English
Noun
speech (SAY WORDS)
speech (FORMAL TALK)
American
Noun
speech (TALKING)
speech (FORMAL TALK)
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3 Ways to Write a Speech - wikiHow
3 Ways to Write a Speech - wikiHow
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CategoriesEducation and CommunicationsCommunication SkillsPublic SpeakingSpeechesSpeechwritingHow to Write a Speech
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methods
Sample Speeches
1
Drafting an Effective Speech
2
Making Your Speech More Engaging
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Article Summary
Co-authored by
Patrick Muñoz
Last Updated: March 11, 2024
Fact Checked
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This article was co-authored by Patrick Muñoz. Patrick is an internationally recognized Voice & Speech Coach, focusing on public speaking, vocal power, accent and dialects, accent reduction, voiceover, acting and speech therapy. He has worked with clients such as Penelope Cruz, Eva Longoria, and Roselyn Sanchez. He was voted LA's Favorite Voice and Dialect Coach by BACKSTAGE, is the voice and speech coach for Disney and Turner Classic Movies, and is a member of Voice and Speech Trainers Association.
There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page.
This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources.
This article has been viewed 2,968,373 times.
Giving an original speech for a class, event, or work presentation can be nerve-wracking. However, writing an effective speech can help to bolster your confidence. With careful planning and an eye for detail, you can write a speech that will inform, persuade, motivate, or entertain! Give yourself plenty of time to craft your speech and practice it several times for best results.
Steps
Sample Speeches
Sample Political Speech
Sample Speech Asking for Donations
Sample High School Graduation Speech
Method 1
Method 1 of 2:
Drafting an Effective Speech
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License: Creative Commons<\/a> 1 Research your topic well. If you are writing an informative or persuasive speech, then it should be very well researched! This will help to give you credibility and make your points far more convincing. Seek out scholarly sources, such as books, academic journals, newspaper articles, and government websites to find information and support for your claims.[1] X Research source If you are writing a speech for a class, make sure to check with your teacher to get details about the number and acceptable types of sources. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Write-a-Speech-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Write-a-Speech-Step-5-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-5-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 2 Make an outline that includes your main argument and points. Organizing your ideas and research into an outline is a great way to check for completeness and flow before you actually draft the speech.[2] X Expert Source Patrick MuñozVoice & Speech Coach Expert Interview. 12 November 2019. In general, a speech should include an introduction, 5 main points with supporting evidence (such as statistics, quotes, examples, and anecdotes), and a conclusion. Use a numbered structure or simply outline your speech using bullet points.[3] X Research source If you are writing an informative or persuasive speech, then plan to arrange your speech with a problem and solution structure. Start the speech by talking about what is wrong, then explain how to fix the problem in the second half of your speech.[4] X Research source Tip: Keep in mind that you can always refine your outline later or as you draft your speech. Include all of the information that seems relevant now with the expectation that you will likely need to pare it down later. Advertisement {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Write-a-Speech-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/b\/bf\/Write-a-Speech-Step-6-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-6-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 3 Choose a hook to grab the audience’s attention right away. The opening line of a speech may be the most important part because this is when your audience will decide if they want to keep listening or not. Depending on your topic and your goals for the speech, you can start by saying something funny, sad, frightening, or shocking to hook your audience.[5] X Research source For example, if you are writing a motivational speech about weight loss, then you might say something like, “Five years ago, I could not walk up a flight of stairs without needing to take a break halfway up.” If you hope to persuade audience members to reduce their use of fossil fuels, then you might start off by saying, “Gas-powered vehicles are the reason why global warming is threatening to destroy our planet.” {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/85\/Write-a-Speech-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/8\/85\/Write-a-Speech-Step-7-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-7-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 4 Connect your topic to a larger issue to give background information. Depending on how niche your topic is, your audience may not feel its relevance unless you explain it to them. This is crucial because if the topic seems irrelevant to your audience, then they are unlikely to pay much attention. Think about the big picture and how your topic fits into it. Why should the people in your audience care about this topic?[6] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source For example, if you are giving a speech on increasing funding for Alzheimer’s research, it would be helpful to provide information on how common Alzheimer’s disease is and how it affects families. You could accomplish this with a combination of a statistic and an anecdote. Tip: Keep your introduction less than 1 paragraph or 1 double-spaced page long. This will help to ensure that you do not spend too much time on the context and background before getting to the meat of your topic.[7] X Research source {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Write-a-Speech-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/8\/8e\/Write-a-Speech-Step-8-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-8-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 5 Address each of your main points in a logical order. After introducing your topic and providing context, launch right into your points. State each point clearly and offer additional information, evidence, facts, and statistics to explain each of your points.[8] X Expert Source Patrick MuñozVoice & Speech Coach Expert Interview. 12 November 2019. Plan to devote about 1 paragraph to each of your points.[9] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source For example, in a speech about ending animal testing for cosmetics, you might start with a point about how animal testing is cruel, then explain that it is unnecessary, and then talk about the alternatives to animal testing that make it obsolete. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Write-a-Speech-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Write-a-Speech-Step-10-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-10-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 6 Introduce new topics and summarize material you have already covered.[10] X Expert Source Patrick MuñozVoice & Speech Coach Expert Interview. 12 November 2019. Another way to help your audience understand the points you are making is to provide a brief 1 to 2 sentence overview before you move onto a new topic and then summarize the material in 1 to 2 sentences after you finish explaining it. Put the previews and summaries in plain, simple terms to help make your points clear to your audience.[11] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source For example, if you are about to cover the concept of delayed onset muscle soreness (also known as DOMS), then explain what it is in a nutshell first, then go into more detail about it and how it relates to your point, then end that section of your speech with a brief summary of the main point you are trying to make. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Write-a-Speech-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/4\/46\/Write-a-Speech-Step-11-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-11-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 7 Include transitions to guide your audience through your speech. Transitions improve the flow of your speech and help readers see how your points are connected. You may not notice transitions when you read or write something, but when they are not included a piece of writing will seem choppy and awkward. Check to make sure that you have included transitions throughout your speech. Some common transition words and phrases include:[12] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source Then Next Before After First Second In that moment The following week {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/92\/Write-a-Speech-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/92\/Write-a-Speech-Step-12-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-12-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 8 Conclude your speech with a call-to-action. As you near the end of your speech, your audience should be excited by your topic and ready to act. Encourage your audience to find out more and participate in a solution to the problem you have described by telling them how they can do so. This is a great opportunity to share resources with your audience and to give them some direction for how they can participate.[13] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source For example, if you have just described the effects of global warming on the polar bear population, conclude your speech by telling your audience about non-profit organizations that are working to protect the environment and the polar bear population. If you have just shared your weight loss story to motivate your audience, tell them what they can do to start their own weight loss journey and share resources that you found helpful. Advertisement Method 2 Method 2 of 2: Making Your Speech More Engaging Download Article {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Write-a-Speech-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/5\/5d\/Write-a-Speech-Step-13-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-13-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 1 Keep your words and sentences short and simple. Using big words when simpler ones will express the same meaning may alienate your audience. Likewise, long, complex sentences can be confusing and muddle your point. Stick to simple language for the bulk of your speech. Only use complex words or phrases if there is no other way to express the ideas.[14] X Research source For example, instead of saying, “Achieving and maintaining a healthy body weight is the pinnacle of human existence because it enables you to accomplish physical feats that boost your confidence and give you a sense of accomplishment,” say, “A healthy body weight allows you to do more physically, and this may make you happier overall.” Keep in mind that it is also important to vary your sentence structure. You can include a longer sentence once or twice per page to add variety to your speech. Just avoid using lots of long sentences in your speech.[15] X Research source {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/e1\/Write-a-Speech-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/e\/e1\/Write-a-Speech-Step-14-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-14-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 2 Favor nouns over pronouns for clarity. It’s okay to use the occasional pronoun, especially if doing so will help you to avoid repeating yourself multiple times. However, using too many pronouns can make it hard for your audience to follow your argument and keep track of what you are talking about. Opt for proper nouns (names of places, people, and things) whenever possible and avoid overusing pronouns. Some common pronouns include:[16] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source it he her they we that those {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/99\/Write-a-Speech-Step-15-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-15-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/9\/99\/Write-a-Speech-Step-15-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-15-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":" License: Creative Commons<\/a> 3 Repeat a word or phrase a few times during your speech. Repetition is a powerful element of speech writing. While too much repetition in any piece of writing can be distracting, repeating a word or phrase a few times during your speech can help to crystallize your argument and keep your audience engaged.[17] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source For example, if you are giving a speech for a group of sales associates who are trying to increase sales of a new product called “Synergy,” then you might repeat a simple phrase to that effect, such as “Tell your customers about Synergy,” or you could simply say, “Synergy” a few times during your speech to remind your audience of this product. If you are writing a motivational speech about how running can help people to overcome emotional hurdles, then you might repeat a phrase in your speech to emphasize this idea, such as, “Run through the pain.” {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Write-a-Speech-Step-16-Version-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Write-a-Speech-Step-16-Version-3.jpg","bigUrl":"\/images\/thumb\/7\/79\/Write-a-Speech-Step-16-Version-3.jpg\/aid3472-v4-728px-Write-a-Speech-Step-16-Version-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":345,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":546,"licensing":"
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