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The Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, provides

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Recent Developments

Beige Book

Recent Posting - 3/6/2024

Testimony by Chair Powell on the semiannual Monetary Policy Report to the Congress

Testimony - 3/6/2024

Speech by Governor Bowman on tailoring, fidelity to the rule of law, and unintended consequences

Speech - 3/5/2024

Speech by Governor Kugler on pursuing the dual mandate

Speech - 3/1/2024

Monetary Policy Report

Recent Posting - 3/1/2024

Speech by Governor Waller on thoughts on quantitative tightening, including remarks on the paper "Quantitative Tightening around the Globe: What Have We Learned?"

Speech - 3/1/2024

Agencies host 2024 National Interagency Community Reinvestment Conference

Press Release - 2/29/2024

Federal Reserve Board announces termination of enforcement action

Press Release - 2/29/2024

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Read the paper Money and Payments: The U.S. Dollar in the Age of Digital Transformation.

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Access materials for the open Board meeting and watch live on October 24, 2023, at 9:30 a.m.

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Learn more about the facilities the Federal Reserve has established in response to events related to the COVID-19 pandemic and read reports filed with Congress pursuant to section 13(3) of the Federal Reserve Act.

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Watch on-demand video from Chair Powell's press conference on January 31, 2024

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DDP for Consumer Credit - G.19

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Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

The Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, provides

the nation with a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial

system.

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Search Toggle Button

Search Submit Button

Submit

Aboutthe Fed

Structure of the Federal Reserve System

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Aggregate Reserves of Depository Institutions and the Monetary Base - H.3

Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the U.S. - H.8

Assets and Liabilities of U.S. Branches and Agencies of Foreign Banks

Charge-Off and Delinquency Rates on Loans and Leases at Commercial Banks

Senior Financial Officer Survey

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Bank Structure Data

Large Commercial Banks

Minority Depository Institutions

Structure and Share Data for the U.S. Offices of Foreign Banks

Business Finance

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Finance Companies - G.20

New Security Issues, State and Local Governments

New Security Issues, U.S. Corporations

Dealer Financing Terms

Senior Credit Officer Opinion Survey on Dealer Financing Terms

Exchange Rates and International Data

Foreign Exchange Rates - H.10/G.5

International Summary Statistics

Securities Holdings and Transactions

Statistics Reported by Banks and Other Financial Firms in the United States

Structure and Share Data for U.S. Offices of Foreign Banks

Financial Accounts

Financial Accounts of the United States - Z.1

Household Finance

Consumer Credit - G.19

Household Debt Service and Financial Obligations Ratios

Mortgage Debt Outstanding

Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF)

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Industrial Activity

Industrial Production and Capacity Utilization - G.17

Interest Rates

Selected Interest Rates - H.15

Micro Data Reference Manual (MDRM)

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Monetary Policy

Monetary policy in the United States comprises the Federal Reserve's actions and communications to promote maximum employment, stable prices, and moderate long-term interest rates--the economic goals the Congress has instructed the Federal Reserve to pursue.

Review of Monetary Policy Strategy, Tools, and Communications

In a review conducted over 2019 and 2020, the Fed took a step back to consider whether the U.S. monetary policy framework could be improved to better meet future challenges. Here are the results.

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Committee (PDF) | Staff (PDF)

美国联邦储备系统（The Federal Reserve System） - 知乎

美国联邦储备系统（The Federal Reserve System） - 知乎切换模式写文章登录/注册美国联邦储备系统（The Federal Reserve System）考研英语于杉老师吉林大学语言学硕士美国联邦储备系统（The Federal Reserve System），简称为美联储（The Fed），负责履行美国的中央银行的职责。这个系统是根据《联邦储备法》（Federal Reserve Act）于1913年12月23日成立的。美联储的核心管理机构是美国联邦储备委员会。联邦储备系统由位于华盛顿特区的联邦储备委员会和12家分布全国主要城市的地区性的联邦储备银行组成。杰罗姆·鲍威尔为现任美联储最高长官（美国联邦储备委员会主席）。作为美国的中央银行，美联储从美国国会获得权力，行使制定货币政策和对美国金融机构进行监管等职责。美国联邦储备系统为美国的中央银行，与其他国家的中央银行相比，美联储作为美国的中央银行诞生的比较晚。历史上，美国曾多次试图成立一个像美联储这样的中央银行，但因为议员及总统担心央行权力过大，或央行会被少数利益集团绑架而没有成功。这种担心主要是由美国的国家形态所决定的。建国之初，美国是由一些独立的州以联邦的形式组成的松散组织，大部分的行政权力主要集中在州政府，而非联邦政府。因此，成立中央银行这样一个联邦机构的想法会引起各州的警觉，他们担心联邦政府想以此为名来扩大自己的权力范围。美国第一银行美国的第一任财政部部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿（Alexander Hamilton）在美国独立战争结束后，向国会提议成立一个全国性的银行。主要负责帮助美国各州发行债券，以逐步偿还独立战争时期累积的债务。另外，该银行还可帮助保管财政部的存款及处理其他联邦政府财务上的收支。汉密尔顿的这个提议当时遭到了强烈反对。反对者主要担心这三个方面：其一，这样一个全国性银行比其他银行有更多竞争优势，会造成它在私营银行业务上的垄断；其二，该银行超出美国宪法规定的联邦政府权限；其三，成立全国性银行会削弱各州政府的权力。尽管汉密尔顿力排众议，于1791年在费城成功建立了这样一个银行——美国第一银行（The First Bank of the United States），但国会只批准第一银行经营20年。20年后，必须获得国会批准，第一银行才能继续存在。美国第一银行并不是现代意义上的中央银行，它实际上仍是一个私人性质的商业银行。第一银行和其他银行一样吸收储户的存款和发放商业贷款。另外，第一银行按照股份制方式成立，股票在市场上公开出售，股东和其他上市公司股东一样分配红利，决定第一银行如何经营。唯一不同的是，其他商业银行属于州内银行，而美国第一银行是全国性质的银行，在全美开展业务，而且第一银行是唯一一个为美国财政部提供服务的银行。第一银行除了是私人性质的商业银行外，还有一个很大的硬伤，就是它大概有70%的股权属于外国人，当时主要是欧洲人。这让很多美国人担心第一银行是欧洲金融家族控制美国的一个工具。所以1811年，第一银行的20年经营期限到了之后，国会没有批准它继续存在，第一银行被迫关闭。美国第二银行1812年，英美再起战争冲突。由于缺乏一个有效的中央银行系统和全国统一的金融市场，美国的州内银行陷入混乱。为了恢复银行秩序和处理战争债务，美国再次考虑成立一个类似第一银行的中央银行。1816年由美国国会投票通过，麦迪逊总统签署法案成立了美国第二银行（The Second Bank of the United States）。和第一银行类似，第二银行更接近一个全国性的商业银行，而不是现代意义的中央银行。同样，国会也只给第二银行颁发了20年执照。执照到期后，必须经过国会批准才能继续存在。由于商业竞争关系，第二银行成立后遭到州内银行的强烈反对。它的反对者声称，第二银行只帮助美国东部经济发达地区的商人和富豪，而不为当时占美国人口多数的农民服务。这种宣传把第二银行推到了舆论上非常孤立的境地。在当时美国第七任总统竞选中，安德鲁·杰克逊（Andrew Jackson）的竞选对手支持第二银行。1833年，杰克逊当上总统后，兑现了自己的竞选承诺，把财政部的存款全部转移到州立银行，削弱了第二银行继续存在的理由。这种情况下，第二银行的执照在20年期限到期后，没有通过国会的审批。1836年，美国第二银行重蹈第一银行覆辙，被迫关闭。自由金融时期在美国第二银行关闭后的70多年里，美国政府没有再试图建立一个类似中央银行的机构。在此期间，美国的金融市场经历了放任自流式的大发展。但随着金融市场的不断扩张，放任自流式银行体系的缺点也越来越多地暴露出来，银行挤兑造成市场崩溃的情况经常发生。美国在1873年、1884年、1890年、1893年、1907年都发生过由于挤兑造成银行大规模倒闭的金融危机。尤其是在1893年的危机中，美国有超过500家银行相继倒闭，很多人的毕生积蓄可以说一夜之间付诸东流。金融危机不仅给个人和家庭造成巨大的财富损失，整个美国经济也由于金融业无法正常运转而陷入了长时间停滞。1893年的金融危机给美国带来了空前严重的经济衰退。沉寂了10年之后，金融危机于1907年在美国再度爆发。危机爆发的导火索是股票市场上一些投机者试图操纵美国联合铜业公司（United Copper Company）的股票，但没有成功。贷款给这些投机者的银行和信托投资公司因此损失惨重。1907年10月，纽约第三大信托投资公司可尼克波克（Knickerbocker Trust Company）被迫宣布破产。和2008年雷曼兄弟破产类似，当年可尼克波克的破产引发了一场席卷美国的金融海啸。存款者人人自危，纷纷从银行等金融机构提款以避免损失。由于金融恐慌，银行间也失去信任，相互间的借贷完全冻结，并发生挤兑。这种银行挤兑很快从纽约蔓延到全国各地，一场类似1893年金融危机的市场崩溃即将发生。当时，美国著名金融公司摩根大通（J.P. Morgan）的创始人摩根意识到了问题的严重性，并立刻召集最重要的几家金融公司的总裁开会，要求大家一起拿出资金帮助面临挤兑的银行。而摩根自己也身先士卒，拿出资金帮助金融市场渡过危机。从一定程度上讲，摩根当时扮演的角色正类似于2008年拯救金融市场的美联储。联邦储备法案频繁爆发的金融危机让公众逐渐意识到，放任自流式的金融市场存在很大问题。支持成立一个机构对金融市场进行适当监管的呼声逐渐高起来。1907年的金融危机结束后，美国参议员尼尔森·奥尔德里奇（Nelson Aldrich）组织了一个委员会，专门负责调查金融危机的成因以及教训。在1907年的危机中，尽管仍有将近100家银行因为挤兑倒闭，但与1893年500多家银行倒闭相比，算是一个不错的结局。摩根带领其他金融机构挺身而出，为遭受挤兑的银行提供流动资金是1907年危机成功化解的一个重要因素。但这种依赖金融市场上某个人的能力解决危机的方式存在很多不确定性，最好用法律形式赋予某个机构稳定金融市场的职能来缓解危机。因此奥尔德里奇花了将近两年时间考察欧洲国家的中央银行，并对欧美金融市场进行了系统的比较分析。随后他起草了被称为《奥尔德里奇计划》的提案，主张美国应该模仿欧洲国家成立一个统一的中央银行。今后再发生类似1907年的金融危机时，该中央银行可以向被挤兑的银行提供紧急贷款，以此稳定金融市场信心。但《奥尔德里奇计划》受到议会很多成员的强烈反对。作为共和党的主要成员，奥尔德里奇非常担心联邦政府权力过大，因此不愿意成立一个新的联邦政府机构来执行中央银行的职能。《奥尔德里奇计划》中的中央银行的各种角色完全由私人银行扮演，而不像欧洲国家的中央银行属于政府机构。这种设置方式从一定程度上也是受到了美国第一银行和第二银行的影响。《奥尔德里奇计划》的反对者主要来自美国中西部的农业州。这些从事传统农业的人们一方面担心银行业过于强大后会绑架整个经济，另一方面这些州的低收入者认为该法案主要服务于东部商业发达地区的富人，而不是美国大众。奥尔德里奇本人和摩根大通的创始人摩根关系非常密切，同时女儿又嫁给了美国超级富翁洛克菲勒唯一的儿子小洛克菲勒。这种和超级富豪家庭千丝万缕的关系，让奥尔德里奇对这些指责有口难辩。民主党人威尔逊于1912年当选美国总统。他的当选险些彻底扼杀《奥尔德里奇计划》和再次提出建立中央银行的设想。好在威尔逊总统认为《奥尔德里奇计划》虽然是共和党提出的，但其整体框架存在很多优点。如果认真修改后实施，会对美国的金融市场有很大促进作用。因此，在威尔逊总统的支持下，参议员欧文和众议员格拉斯以《奥尔德里奇计划》为蓝本，在1913年起草了《联邦储备法案》。《联邦储备法案》中对美联储的机构设置与《奥尔德里奇计划》非常相似，但加强了美国联邦政府在美联储中的影响。最初的《奥尔德里奇计划》把美联储完全定性为一个私人机构，而《联邦储备法案》把华盛顿的联邦储备局定性为联邦政府机构，尽管美联储的12个联邦储备银行被定性为更接近于私人部门的非营利性机构。1913年美国国会最终达成一致意见，通过了《联邦储备法案》。威尔逊总统签署了该法案，正式宣告美联储成立。美联储由在华盛顿的联邦储备局和分布美国各地区的12 个联邦储备银行组成。美联储主要的货币政策由联邦储备局委员和联邦储备银行的主席共同参与制定。以避免政策决策权过于集中在少数几个地区（如华盛顿和纽约）。美国第一银行和第二银行当初因不被大众接受而最后被迫关闭，其中一个重要原因就是这两个银行都位于美国东北部的费城，被很多人认为主要服务于东北部的一些富豪商人，而不是所有美国人。美联储在成立时认真吸取了这个教训。在组织形式上，美联储采用的是联邦政府机构加非营利性机构的双重组织结构，从而避免了货币政策完全集中在联邦政府手里。美联储把12个联邦储备银行设立成非营利机构而非政府机构的一个初衷就是希望制定货币政策时能同时考虑政府和私营部门的声音。虽然位于华盛顿的联邦储备局是美国联邦政府的一部分，但12家联邦储备银行不属于联邦政府机构，而是非营利性私营组织。但需要强调，联邦储备银行不同于一般的私营组织。联邦储备银行并不以营利为目的，而与联邦储备局一起承担美国中央银行的公共职能。12个联邦储备银行的总部分别位于波士顿（Boston）、纽约（New York）、费城（Philadelphia）、克里夫兰（Cleve-land）、里士满（Richmond）、亚特兰大（Atlanta）、芝加哥（Chicago）、圣路易斯（St. Louis）、明尼阿波利斯（Min-neapolis）、堪萨斯城（Kansas City）、达拉斯（Dallas）和旧金山（San Francisco）。而每个联邦储备银行在辖区内又设有分支机构（branches）。比如达拉斯联储总部在达拉斯，但同时在休斯敦、圣安东尼奥和艾尔帕所设有分部。下图显示了12个联邦储备银行的总部和各自管理的辖区。由于每个联邦储备银行管理一个大区，这些银行往往被简称为地区联储。很显然，多数联邦储备银行分布在美国的东北部地区。这主要是由于美联储1913年成立时，美国的经济重心主要集中于东北部。每一个联邦储备银行的代号由一个英文字母和一个数字组成。比如波士顿联储是第一个成立的联邦储备银行，代号为1A。第二个成立的是纽约联储，代号是2B，依此类推。达拉斯联储是第11个成立的，因此代号为11K。在1美元的钞票上，印着不同联邦储备银行的名称和代号，表明这些1美元纸钞是从哪个地区流向市场的。美国所有吸收储户存款的金融机构在美联储都有一个储备金账户（Re-serve Account）。这些金融机构除了美联储的会员银行外，还包括信用社（Credit Union）、存贷款协会（Sav-ings and Loan Association）、外国银行在美国的分支机构等。美联储要求所有在美国吸收储户存款的金融机构都必须存一部分资金在美联储应付储户突然的提款需要。这个资金账户被称为储备金账户。根据美联储的要求，每个机构的储备金账户余额不能低于它所吸纳的短期存款的一定比例。这个比例被称为储备金率或存款准备金率（Reserve Requirement Ratio）。如果某个金融机构的储备金低于要求，必须想办法筹集资金补足。相反，如果储备金高于美联储要求，多余的部分被称为超额储备金，可以随时取走。正常情况下，储备金不足的银行可以向有超额储备金的银行短期贷款，补足储备金。市场上这种金融机构间为满足储备金要求而进行的短期贷款利率被称为联邦基金利率。美联储通过公开市场操作来影响联邦基金利率。公开市场操作是指美联储通过买卖债券向市场投放或者收回货币的行为。比如美联储买入债券时，付给对方美元，就增加了市场中美元的供应；反之，美联储卖出债券时，就从市场收回了美元。这种操作被称为公开市场操作，因为市场上所有达到要求的金融机构都可以申请和美联储进行交易。公开市场委员会设定联邦基金利率目标后，美联储通过公开市场操作改变市场上货币的发行量，实现预先设定的目标利率。例如，市场上的联邦基金利率是2.5%，而公开市场委员会决定把利率提高到2.75%。为实现这个目标，美联储在公开市场上卖出债券，收回货币。这时金融机构持有的货币减少，超额储备金降低，银行间储备金的贷款利率上升。（通俗地说，就是市场上流通的现金少了，引起利率上升。）美联储进行这种操作，直到联邦基金利率达到2.75%的目标利率。如果美联储希望降低联邦基金利率，反向操作（买入债券，放出货币）就可以了。出于风险和市场容量的考虑，正常情况下，美联储在公开市场操作中买卖的债券主要是短期政府国债。美联储通过调节联邦基金利率这种短期利率，可以在金融市场上引起一系列的连锁反应。联邦基金利率的变化会直接影响其他短期利率（比如短期国债利率、商业票据利率等），然后进一步改变长期利率（如住房贷款利率、汽车贷款利率、长期企业债券利率等）。长期利率变化会影响家庭消费和企业投资：利率下降时，企业投资和家庭消费的成本降低，促进投资和消费增长。因此在经济衰退时，美联储通过降低利率来支持经济增长；反之经济过热时，美联储会提高利率抑制投资和消费。另外，美联储的利率政策也可以通过资产价格影响经济。比如利率降低时，投资到债券的收益下降。在其他条件不变的情况下，资金会从债券市场流向股票和其他资产市场，推高这些资产的价格。因此经济下滑时，美联储降低利率会对经济产生两个推动作用：首先，降低利率可以促进国内的投资和消费；其次，低利率也对股票和房地产等资产价格有支撑作用，提高家庭财富，鼓励家庭消费。此外，利率变化还会引起美元汇率变化，影响美国的进出口。发布于 2020-11-27 22:05美国联邦储备系统（美联储）货币政策中央银行赞同 6添加评论分享喜欢收藏申请

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Wednesday, 6 March, 2024

Powell says Fed expects to make ‘material’ changes to controversial bank capital proposalsUS central bank chair adds that inflation goal not ‘assured’ and cautions about rate cut timing

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Federal Reserve System | Definition, History, Functions, & Facts | Britannica Money

ral Reserve System | Definition, History, Functions, & Facts | Britannica MoneyHistory & SocietyScience & TechBiographiesAnimals & NatureGeography & TravelArts & CultureGames & QuizzesVideosOn This DayOne Good FactDictionaryLifestyles & Social IssuesPhilosophy & ReligionPolitics, Law & GovernmentWorld HistoryHealth & MedicineScienceTechnologyBrowse BiographiesBirds, Reptiles & Other VertebratesBugs, Mollusks & Other InvertebratesEnvironmentFossils & Geologic TimeMammalsPlantsGeography & TravelEntertainment & Pop CultureLiteratureSports & RecreationVisual ArtsCompanionsDemystifiedImage GalleriesInfographicsListsPodcastsSpotlightSummariesThe ForumTop Questions#WTFact100 WomenBritannica KidsSaving EarthSpace Next 50Student CenterSubscribe NowMoney HomeHousehold FinanceInvestingRetirementHistory & TheoryTable of ContentsExternal WebsitesTable Of ContentsHistory & TheoryFederal Reserve SystemUnited States bankingWritten and fact-checked byThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThe Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaEncyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.Updated: Mar. 07, 2024Table of ContentsExternal WebsitesTable Of ContentsOpen full sized imageMarriner S. Eccles Federal Reserve Board Building, Washington, D.C.©Adam Parent/Shutterstock.com Date:December 23, 1913 - present Areas Of Involvement:federal funds rateopen-market operationmoney supplydiscount ratereserve Related People:Alan GreenspanPaul VolckerBen BernankeJanet YellenArthur F. BurnsRecent NewsMar. 7, 2024, 4:31 AM ET(AP)Stock market today: Global shares mostly decline after Wall Street recoversMar. 7, 2024, 12:25 AM ET(AP)Europe's inflation is way down. But hope is gone for a quick interest rate cutShow MoreFederal Reserve System, central banking authority of the United States. It acts as a fiscal agent for the U.S. government, is custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and oversees the supply of currency, including coin, in coordination with the U.S. Mint. The system was created by the Federal Reserve Act, which President Woodrow Wilson signed into law on December 23, 1913. It consists of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), which was authorized in 2010 by the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (the CFPB assumed some functions of the former Consumer Advisory Council, which existed from 1976 to 2011). There are several thousand member banks.(Read Milton Friedman’s Britannica entry on money.)The seven-member Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established by the 12 Federal Reserve banks, and reviews the budgets of the reserve banks. The Chairman of the Board of Governors is appointed to a four-year term by the president of the United States.Britannica QuizUnited States of America QuizLearn more about how inflation functions in the economy.Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.A Federal Reserve bank is a privately owned corporation established pursuant to the Federal Reserve Act to serve the public interest; it is governed by a board of nine directors, six of whom are elected by the member banks and three of whom are appointed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. The 12 Federal Reserve banks are located in Atlanta; Boston; Chicago; Cleveland; Dallas; Kansas City, Missouri; Minneapolis, Minnesota; New York City; Philadelphia; Richmond, Virginia; St. Louis, Missouri; and San Francisco.The 12-member Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the seven members of the Board of Governors, the president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four members elected by the Federal Reserve banks, is responsible for setting Federal Reserve bank policy to encourage the long-term objectives of price stability (i.e., controlling inflation through the adjustment of interest rates) and maximum sustainable employment. The Federal Advisory Council, whose role is purely advisory, consists of one representative from each of the 12 Federal Reserve districts.The Federal Reserve System exercises its regulatory powers in several ways, the most important of which may be classified as instruments of direct or indirect control. One form of direct control can be exercised by adjusting the legal reserve ratio—i.e., the proportion of its deposits that a member bank must hold in its reserve account—thus increasing or reducing the amount of new loans that the commercial banks can make. Because loans give rise to new deposits, the potential money supply is, in this way, expanded or reduced.The money supply may also be influenced through manipulation of the discount rate, which is the rate of interest charged by Federal Reserve banks on short-term secured loans to member banks. Since these loans are typically sought by banks to maintain reserves at their required level, an increase in the cost of such loans has an effect similar to that of increasing the reserve requirement.The classic method of indirect control is through open-market operations, first widely used in the 1920s and now employed daily to make small adjustments in the market. Federal Reserve bank sales or purchases of securities on the open market tend to reduce or increase the size of commercial-bank reserves; e.g., when the Federal Reserve sells securities, the purchasers pay for them with checks drawn on their deposits, thereby reducing the reserves of the banks on which the checks are drawn.The three instruments of control described here have been conceded to be more effective in preventing inflation in times of high economic activity than in bringing about revival from a period of depression. A supplemental control occasionally used by the Federal Reserve Board is that of changing the margin requirements involved in the purchase of securities.The Federal Reserve has broad supervisory and regulatory authority over state-chartered banks and bank holding companies, as well as foreign banks operating in the United States. Through the CFPB, it is also involved in maintaining the credit rights of consumers. One of the longest chairmanships of the Federal Reserve Board was held by Alan Greenspan, who took office in August 1987 and held the post until January 2006. In 2014 Janet Yellen became the first woman to chair the board, and she served until 2018.The Editors of Encyclopaedia BritannicaThis article was most recently revised and updated by Patricia Bauer.Britannica MoneyHousehold FinanceInvestingRetirementHistory & TheoryAbout UsPrivacy PolicyTerms & Conditions© 2024 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

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What Is the Federal Reserve System (FRS)?

The term Federal Reserve System (FRS) refers to the central bank of the U.S. The Fed, as it is commonly known, regulates the U.S. monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve System is composed of a central governmental agency in Washington, D.C., the Board of Governors, and 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks in major cities throughout the U.S. The Fed's central role is to handle the country's monetary policy, among other things.

Key Takeaways

The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States.Its key functions include handling the country's monetary policy and regulating banks, among other things.The Federal Reserve payments system, known as the Fedwire, moves trillions of dollars daily between banks.The Federal Open Market Committee is the Fed's monetary policy-making body and manages the country's money supply.The FOMC adjusts the target for the overnight federal funds rate, which controls short-term interest rates, based on its view of the economy.

Understanding the Federal Reserve System (FRS)

The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the United States. It is a major force in the country's economy and banking industry. The bank is headed by the governor and has a board with six other members. These individuals are nominated by the president and are then confirmed by the Senate.

The Fed performs five general functions:

Conducting the nation's monetary policy

Regulating banking institutions

Monitoring and protecting the credit rights of consumers

Maintaining the stability of the financial system

Providing financial services to the U.S. government

The Fed also operates three wholesale payment systems, including the Fedwire Funds Service, the Fedwire Securities Service, and the National Settlement Service.

The Fed has broad power to act to ensure financial stability, and it is the primary regulator of banks that are members of the Federal Reserve System. It acts as the lender of last resort to member institutions who have no place else to borrow.

The Fed's open-mouth operations are known to publicly declare the current interest rate. Banks in the U.S. are also subject to regulations established by the states, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (if they are members), and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC).

Jerome Powell was sworn in as Fed chair on Feb. 5, 2018, for a four-year term. He was reappointed for a second four-year term on May 23, 2022.

Fed Payments

The Fed uses two payment systems: Fedwire and FedNow. The FedNow service allows for instant payments. As the Fed describes, "payments that can be sent and received within seconds at any time of the day, on any day of the year, such that the receiver can use the funds almost instantly."

Fedwire is a payment service for financial institutions that hold an account with the Fed. According to the Fed, it is a "real-time gross settlement system that enables participants to initiate funds transfer that are immediate, final, and irrevocable once processed." It is used to make large-value, time-critical payments.

History of the FRS

The following are some key highlights in the Fed's history:

When the Federal Reserve Act was established, it required commercial banks to hold reserves at their local Reserve Bank. Banks were able to borrow additional funds if and when needed by approaching the discount window. The discount window is the lending facility that helps commercial banks meet their short-term liquidity needs.

The Fed went through several changes in its early years. For instance, there were changes made to the way it works after the Great Depression. The Fed's board received more power (which was shifted from the 12 Reserve Banks) with the passing of the Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935.

Similarly, the Federal Reserve Reform Act, which was established in 1977, required the central bank to report to Congress with its goal of achieving maximum employment and reaching its inflationary targets.

The Federal Reserve attempts to reach a target rate of inflation of 2%.

Federal Reserve System (FRS) vs. Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC)

The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) is the Fed's monetary policy-making body and manages the country's money supply. It is made up of the seven members of the Fed's board of governors, the president of the New York Fed, and four of the remaining 11 regional Fed presidents, who serve one-year terms on a rotating basis. The FOMC meets eight times a year and additionally on an as-needed basis to discuss the outlook for the national economy and review options for its monetary policy.

The FOMC adjusts the target for the overnight federal funds rate, which controls short-term interest rates, at its meetings based on its view of the strength of the economy. When it wants to stimulate the economy, it reduces the target rate. Conversely, it raises the federal funds rate to slow the economy.

Here's a history of how the target rate has moved in recent years:

The target rate was lowered to 0.25% in response to the recession in 2008 and stayed there for seven years.On Dec. 16, 2015, the Fed raised the target rate to a range of 0.25% to 0.5%—the first rate hike in almost 10 years.The FOMC increased the rate all the way to the range of 2.0% to 2.25% starting Aug. 1, 2019.The rate fell drastically to the 0% to 0.25% range when the Fed announced the change on March 16, 2020. The Fed cited issues stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic.Since then, primarily to combat high inflation, the rate has increased dramatically. The FOMC began increasing rates in 2022 and continued to do so through 2023, all the way to the range of 5.25% to 5.5%, which was the last increase, set at the FOMC meeting in July 2023.Subsequent FOMC meetings have kept rates at the same level, which the FOMC confirmed at the last meeting on Jan. 31, 2024.

What Are the 3 Main Purposes of the Federal Reserve System?

The three main purposes of the Federal Reserve System are:Maximum employmentStable pricesModerate long-term interest ratesThese goals were laid out in the Federal Reserve Act that created the Federal Reserve System.

Who Controls the Federal Reserve?

The Federal Reserve is the central bank of the United States and is managed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve. The board is based in Washington D.C. and is made up of seven members who are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate.

Who Controls Monetary Policy?

Monetary policy is controlled by a central bank, in the United States, this is the Federal Reserve. A central bank controls open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount window/rate. A country's government is responsible for fiscal policy, such as setting taxes.

The Bottom Line

The Federal Reserve System (FRS) refers to the central bank of the United States. The Fed, as it is commonly known, sets the monetary policy of the United States. Its responsibilities also include regulating banking institutions, monitoring and protecting the credit rights of consumers, maintaining the stability of the financial system, and providing financial services to the U.S. government.

Article Sources

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Federal Reserve Board. "Structure of the Federal Reserve System."

Federal Reserve Board. "Board Members."

Federal Reserve Board. "About the Fed."

Federal Reserve Board. "Annual Report: Payment System and Reserve Bank Oversight."

Federal Reserve Bank of New York. "Operations & Resiliency."

Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. "Open Mouth Operations."

Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. "Education: Are All Commercial Banks Regulated and Supervised by the Federal Reserve System, or Just Major Commercial Banks?"

Federal Reserve Board. "Jerome H. Powell, Chair."

Federal Reserve Board. "Fedwire Fund Services."

Federal Reserve Board. "FedNow Service. Frequently Asked Questions."

Federal Reserve History. "Federal Reserve Act Signed into Law."

Federal Reserve History. "Overview: The History of the Federal Reserve."

Federal Reserve Board. "FAQs: Why Does the Federal Reserve Aim for Inflation of 2 Percent Over the Longer Run?"

Federal Reserve Board. "Federal Open Market Committee: About the FOMC."

Federal Reserve Board. "Policy Tools: Open Market Operations."

Federal Reserve History. "The Great Recession."

Federal Reserve Board. "Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement, December 16, 2015."

Federal Reserve Board. "March 16, 2022, Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement."

Federal Reserve Board. "Open Market Operations."

Federal Reserve Board. "July 26, 2023 Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement."

Federal Reserve Board. "Jan. 31, 2024, Federal Reserve Issues FOMC Statement."

Federal Reserve Board. "Conducting Monetary Policy," Page 1.

Federal Reserve Board. "Structure of the Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve Board."

Part Of

How The Fed’s Interest Rates Affect Consumers

The Impact of Interest Rate Changes by the Federal Reserve

1 of 30

What Is a Central Bank, and Does the U.S. Have One?

2 of 30

Federal Reserve System (FRS): Functions and History

3 of 30

U.S. Treasury vs. Federal Reserve: What’s the Difference?

4 of 30

Prime Rate vs. Discount Rate: What's the Difference?

5 of 30

The Fed's Tools for Influencing the Economy

6 of 30

Federal Funds Rate: What It Is, How It's Determined, and Why It's Important

7 of 30

Forces That Cause Changes in Interest Rates

8 of 30

What Happens If Interest Rates Increase Too Quickly?

9 of 30

Do Lower Interest Rates Increase Investment Spending?

10 of 30

How Does Money Supply Affect Interest Rates?

11 of 30

Interest Rates Explained: Nominal, Real, and Effective

12 of 30

How Negative Interest Rates Work

13 of 30

Monetary Policy Meaning, Types, and Tools

14 of 30

How the Federal Reserve Manages Money Supply

15 of 30

What Is Quantitative Easing (QE), and How Does It Work?

16 of 30

Fiscal Policy vs. Monetary Policy: Pros and Cons

17 of 30

How the Federal Reserve Devises Monetary Policy

18 of 30

How to Prepare for Rising Interest Rates

19 of 30

How to Invest for Rising Interest Rates

20 of 30

How Are Money Market Interest Rates Determined?

21 of 30

Open Market Operations vs. Quantitative Easing: What’s the Difference?

22 of 30

Interest Rate Risk Between Long-Term and Short-Term Bonds

23 of 30

How Higher Interest Rates Impact Your 401(k)

24 of 30

How Interest Rates Affect the U.S. Markets

25 of 30

Average Credit Card Interest Rates - February 2024: Rates Remain Steady

26 of 30

The Most Important Factors Affecting Mortgage Rates

27 of 30

How Interest Rates Work on Car Loans

28 of 30

These Sectors Benefit From Rising Interest Rates

29 of 30

How Banks Set Interest Rates on Your Loans

30 of 30

Related Terms

Federal Reserve System: What It Is and How It Works

The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States and provides the nation with a safe, flexible, and stable financial system.

Federal Reserve Board (FRB): How It Works, Structure, and Duties

The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) is the governing body of the Federal Reserve System, the U.S. central bank in charge of making monetary policy

Federal Funds Rate: What It Is, How It's Determined, and Why It's Important

The federal funds rate is the target interest rate set by the Fed at which commercial banks borrow and lend their extra reserves to one another overnight.

Open Mouth Operations

Open mouth operations are speculative statements made by the Federal Reserve to influence interest rates and inflation.

Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC): What It Is and Does

The Federal Open Market Committee is the branch of the Federal Reserve System that determines the direction of monetary policy.

Wage-Price Spiral: What It Is and How It’s Controlled

A wage-price spiral is a macroeconomic theory that explains the cause-and-effect relationship between rising wages and rising prices, or inflation.

Federal Reserve System: What It Is and How It Works

Why Is the Federal Reserve Independent?

The Federal Reserve: A Century of U.S. Monetary Evolution

Federal Reserve Board (FRB): How It Works, Structure, and Duties

Breaking Down the Federal Reserve's Dual Mandate

Next Fed Meeting: When It Is in March and What To Expect

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美国联邦储备系统_百度百科

储备系统_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心美国联邦储备系统播报讨论上传视频私营银行系统收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10美国联邦储备系统，即美联储，是美国的一家私有中央银行 [15]，负责履行美国的中央银行的职责。这个系统是根据《联邦储备法》（Federal Reserve Act）于1913年12月23日成立的。美联储的核心管理机构是美国联邦储备委员会。 [1]美国联邦储备系统由位于华盛顿特区的联邦储备委员会和12家分布全国主要城市的地区性的联邦储备银行组成。杰罗姆·鲍威尔为现任美联储最高长官（美国联邦储备委员会主席）。作为美国的中央银行，美联储从美国国会获得权力，行使制定货币政策和对美国金融机构进行监管等职责。美联储是美国联邦债务的最大持有者，对股东构成严守秘密。 [15]2020年，美联储净利润达888亿美元。 [25]2022年3月末，总资产9万亿美元。中文名美国联邦储备系统外文名The Federal Reserve System总部美国华盛顿成立时间1913年性质中央银行现任最高长官杰罗姆·鲍威尔 [2]简称美联储目录1历史沿革▪美国第一银行▪美国第二银行▪自由金融时期▪联邦储备法案▪现代时期2基本架构3人事制度4运作机制▪独立性▪决策原理▪局限性5收入来源6加息时间表7降息时间表8紧急计划9现任领导10违规事件历史沿革播报编辑美国联邦储备系统为美国的中央银行，与其他国家的中央银行相比，美联储作为美国的中央银行诞生的比较晚。历史上，美国曾多次试图成立一个像美联储这样的中央银行，但因为议员及总统担心央行权力过大，或央行会被少数利益集团绑架而没有成功。这种担心主要是由美国的国家形态所决定的。建国之初，美国是由一些独立的州以联邦的形式组成的松散组织，大部分的行政权力主要集中在州政府，而非联邦政府。因此，成立中央银行这样一个联邦机构的想法会引起各州的警觉，他们担心联邦政府想以此为名来扩大自己的权力范围。 [3]美国第一银行美国的第一任财政部部长亚历山大·汉密尔顿（Alexander Hamilton）在美国独立战争结束后，向国会提议成立一个全国性的银行。主要负责帮助美国各州发行债券，以逐步偿还独立战争时期累积的债务。另外，该银行还可帮助保管财政部的存款及处理其他联邦政府财务上的收支。汉密尔顿的这个提议当时遭到了强烈反对。反对者主要担心这三个方面：其一，这样一个全国性银行比其他银行有更多竞争优势，会造成它在私营银行业务上的垄断；其二，该银行超出美国宪法规定的联邦政府权限；其三，成立全国性银行会削弱各州政府的权力。尽管汉密尔顿力排众议，于1791年在费城成功建立了这样一个银行——美国第一银行（The First Bank of the United States），但国会只批准第一银行经营20年。20年后，必须获得国会批准，第一银行才能继续存在。美国第一银行并不是现代意义上的中央银行，它实际上仍是一个私人性质的商业银行。第一银行和其他银行一样吸收储户的存款和发放商业贷款。另外，第一银行按照股份制方式成立，股票在市场上公开出售，股东和其他上市公司股东一样分配红利，决定第一银行如何经营。不同的是，其他商业银行属于州内银行，而美国第一银行是全国性质的银行，在全美开展业务，而且第一银行是一个为美国财政部提供服务的银行。第一银行除了是私人性质的商业银行外，还有一个很大的硬伤，就是它大概有70%的股权属于外国人，当时主要是欧洲人。这让很多美国人担心第一银行是欧洲金融家族控制美国的一个工具。所以1811年，第一银行的20年经营期限到了之后，国会没有批准它继续存在，第一银行被迫关闭。美国第二银行1812年，英美再起战争冲突。由于缺乏一个有效的中央银行系统和全国统一的金融市场，美国的州内银行陷入混乱。为了恢复银行秩序和处理战争债务，美国再次考虑成立一个类似第一银行的中央银行。1816年由美国国会投票通过，麦迪逊总统签署法案成立了美国第二银行（The Second Bank of the United States）。和第一银行类似，第二银行更接近一个全国性的商业银行，而不是现代意义的中央银行。同样，国会也只给第二银行颁发了20年执照。执照到期后，必须经过国会批准才能继续存在。由于商业竞争关系，第二银行成立后遭到州内银行的强烈反对。它的反对者声称，第二银行只帮助美国东部经济发达地区的商人和富豪，而不为当时占美国人口多数的农民服务。这种宣传把第二银行推到了舆论上非常孤立的境地。在当时美国第七任总统竞选中，安德鲁·杰克逊（Andrew Jackson）的竞选对手支持第二银行。1833年，杰克逊当上总统后，兑现了自己的竞选承诺，把财政部的存款全部转移到州立银行，削弱了第二银行继续存在的理由。这种情况下，第二银行的执照在20年期限到期后，没有通过国会的审批。1836年，美国第二银行重蹈第一银行覆辙，被迫关闭。自由金融时期在美国第二银行关闭后的70多年里，美国政府没有再试图建立一个类似中央银行的机构。在此期间，美国的金融市场经历了放任自流式的大发展。但随着金融市场的不断扩张，放任自流式银行体系的缺点也越来越多地暴露出来，银行挤兑造成市场崩溃的情况经常发生。美国在1873年、1884年、1890年、1893年、1907年都发生过由于挤兑造成银行大规模倒闭的金融危机。尤其是在1893年的危机中，美国有超过500家银行相继倒闭，很多人的毕生积蓄可以说一夜之间付诸东流。金融危机不仅给个人和家庭造成巨大的财富损失，整个美国经济也由于金融业无法正常运转而陷入了长时间停滞。1893年的金融危机给美国带来了空前严重的经济衰退。沉寂了10年之后，金融危机于1907年在美国再度爆发。危机爆发的导火索是股票市场上一些投机者试图操纵美国联合铜业公司（United Copper Company）的股票，但没有成功。贷款给这些投机者的银行和信托投资公司因此损失惨重。1907年10月，纽约第三大信托投资公司可尼克波克（Knickerbocker Trust Company）被迫宣布破产。和2008年雷曼兄弟破产类似，当年可尼克波克的破产引发了一场席卷美国的金融海啸。存款者人人自危，纷纷从银行等金融机构提款以避免损失。由于金融恐慌，银行间也失去信任，相互间的借贷完全冻结，并发生挤兑。这种银行挤兑很快从纽约蔓延到全国各地，一场类似1893年金融危机的市场崩溃即将发生。当时，美国著名金融公司摩根大通（J.P. Morgan）的创始人摩根意识到了问题的严重性，并立刻召集最重要的几家金融公司的总裁开会，要求大家一起拿出资金帮助面临挤兑的银行。而摩根自己也身先士卒，拿出资金帮助金融市场渡过危机。从一定程度上讲，摩根当时扮演的角色正类似于2008年拯救金融市场的美联储。联邦储备法案频繁爆发的金融危机让公众逐渐意识到，放任自流式的金融市场存在很大问题。支持成立一个机构对金融市场进行适当监管的呼声逐渐高起来。1907年的金融危机结束后，美国参议员尼尔森·奥尔德里奇（Nelson Aldrich）组织了一个委员会，专门负责调查金融危机的成因以及教训。在1907年的危机中，尽管仍有将近100家银行因为挤兑倒闭，但与1893年500多家银行倒闭相比，算是一个不错的结局。摩根带领其他金融机构挺身而出，为遭受挤兑的银行提供流动资金是1907年危机成功化解的一个重要因素。但这种依赖金融市场上某个人的能力解决危机的方式存在很多不确定性，最好用法律形式赋予某个机构稳定金融市场的职能来缓解危机。因此奥尔德里奇花了将近两年时间考察欧洲国家的中央银行，并对欧美金融市场进行了系统的比较分析。随后他起草了被称为《奥尔德里奇计划》的提案，主张美国应该模仿欧洲国家成立一个统一的中央银行。今后再发生类似1907年的金融危机时，该中央银行可以向被挤兑的银行提供紧急贷款，以此稳定金融市场信心。但《奥尔德里奇计划》受到议会很多成员的强烈反对。作为共和党的主要成员，奥尔德里奇非常担心联邦政府权力过大，因此不愿意成立一个新的联邦政府机构来执行中央银行的职能。《奥尔德里奇计划》中的中央银行的各种角色完全由私人银行扮演，而不像欧洲国家的中央银行属于政府机构。这种设置方式从一定程度上也是受到了美国第一银行和第二银行的影响。《奥尔德里奇计划》的反对者主要来自美国中西部的农业州。这些从事传统农业的人们一方面担心银行业过于强大后会绑架整个经济，另一方面这些州的低收入者认为该法案主要服务于东部商业发达地区的富人，而不是美国大众。奥尔德里奇本人和摩根大通的创始人摩根关系非常密切，同时女儿又嫁给了美国超级富翁洛克菲勒的儿子小洛克菲勒。这种和超级富豪家庭千丝万缕的关系，让奥尔德里奇对这些指责有口难辩。民主党人托马斯·伍德罗·威尔逊于1912年当选美国总统。他的当选险些彻底扼杀《奥尔德里奇计划》和再次提出建立中央银行的设想。好在威尔逊总统认为《奥尔德里奇计划》虽然是共和党提出的，但其整体框架存在很多优点。如果认真修改后实施，会对美国的金融市场有很大促进作用。因此，在威尔逊总统的支持下，参议员欧文和众议员格拉斯以《奥尔德里奇计划》为蓝本，在1913年起草了《联邦储备法案》。《联邦储备法案》中对美联储的机构设置与《奥尔德里奇计划》非常相似，但加强了美国联邦政府在美联储中的影响。最初的《奥尔德里奇计划》把美联储完全定性为一个私人机构，而《联邦储备法案》把华盛顿的联邦储备局定性为联邦政府机构，尽管美联储的12个联邦储备银行被定性为更接近于私人部门的非营利性机构。1913年美国国会最终达成一致意见，通过了《联邦储备法案》。威尔逊总统签署了该法案，正式宣告美联储成立。现代时期2023年7月，美联储官员宣布推出FedNow系统，旨在让账单支付、工资支票和其他常见的消费者或企业转账能够快速、全天候地进行。 [35]2023年9月22日，美联储发言人证实，2023年将裁减约300名员工，为2010年以来首次裁员。 [38]基本架构播报编辑美联储由在华盛顿的联邦储备局和分布美国各地区的12个联邦储备银行组成。美联储主要的货币政策由联邦储备局委员和联邦储备银行的主席共同参与制定。以避免政策决策权过于集中在少数几个地区（如华盛顿和纽约）。Federal Reserve Banks美国第一银行和第二银行当初因不被大众接受而最后被迫关闭，其中一个重要原因就是这两个银行都位于美国东北部的费城，被很多人认为主要服务于东北部的一些富豪商人，而不是所有美国人。美联储在成立时认真吸取了这个教训。在组织形式上，美联储采用的是联邦政府机构加非营利性机构的双重组织结构，从而避免了货币政策完全集中在联邦政府手里。美联储把12个联邦储备银行设立成非营利机构而非政府机构的一个初衷就是希望制定货币政策时能同时考虑政府和私营部门的声音。虽然位于华盛顿的联邦储备局是美国联邦政府的一部分，但12家联邦储备银行不属于联邦政府机构，而是非营利性私营组织。但需要强调，联邦储备银行不同于一般的私营组织。联邦储备银行并不以营利为目的，而与联邦储备局一起承担美国中央银行的公共职能。12个联邦储备银行的总部分别位于波士顿（Boston）、纽约（New York）、费城（Philadelphia）、克里夫兰（Cleve-land）、里士满（Richmond）、亚特兰大（Atlanta）、芝加哥（Chicago）、圣路易斯（St. Louis）、明尼阿波利斯（Min-neapolis）、堪萨斯城（Kansas City）、达拉斯（Dallas）和旧金山（San Francisco）。而每个联邦储备银行在辖区内又设有分支机构（branches）。比如达拉斯联储总部在达拉斯，但同时在休斯敦、圣安东尼奥和艾尔帕所设有分部。下图显示了12个联邦储备银行的总部和各自管理的辖区。由于每个联邦储备银行管理一个大区，这些银行往往被简称为地区联储。很显然，多数联邦储备银行分布在美国的东北部地区。这主要是由于美联储1913年成立时，美国的经济重心主要集中于东北部。每一个联邦储备银行的代号由一个英文字母和一个数字组成。比如波士顿联储是第一个成立的联邦储备银行，代号为1A。第二个成立的是纽约联储，代号是2B，依此类推。达拉斯联储是第11个成立的，因此代号为11K。在1美元的钞票上，印着不同联邦储备银行的名称和代号，表明这些1美元纸钞是从哪个地区流向市场的。人事制度播报编辑美联储货币政策的最高决策机构包括联邦储备局的7名执行委员（Members of the Board of Governors）和12名联邦储备银行的主席（Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks）。美联储最重要的货币政策被称作公开市场操作，日常说的美联储公开市场会议（或者议息会议）就是为制定这个政策而召开的。公开市场政策由华盛顿的联邦储备局和各个地区的联邦储备银行共同制定。美联储的12个联邦储备银行是相对独立的机构，比如联邦储备银行的主席可以担任公开市场委员会的委员，在担任委员期间，联邦储备银行的主席与联邦储备局主席、联邦储备局的其他委员拥有同等的投票权。联邦储备局的7名执行委员由主席、副主席及其他5位委员组成。这7名执行委员必须全部由总统提名，经过国会确认后才能上任。每个执行委员的任期为14年，到任后不能连任，注意这里的14年任期指的是执行委员的任期，和美联储主席任期并不是一个概念。执行委员上任后，总统没有权利罢免这些委员。如果需要罢免他们，必须有国会2/3的成员投票通过才可以。同时，《联邦储备法案》规定这7名执行委员的任期需要间隔两年。比如：如果第一个委员的任期从2012年开始，那么第二个委员的任期从2014年开始，第三个委员的任期从2016年开始，依此类推。因此在美国总统4年的任期内最多只有两个执行委员的任期结束，需要由总统决定新人选是谁。美联储这种任期安排很大程度上限制了总统对委员会的控制能力。联邦储备局的执行委员可以被总统提名为美联储主席（Chair）或者副主席（Vice Chair），每次提名任期为4年。总统提名主席和副主席后，也必须经过国会批准才能上任。一旦上任，主席和副主席在任期内同样不能被总统单独罢免，必须获得国会2/3的票数才能通过。另外，美联储的主席和副主席同时也是联邦储备局7位执行委员之一。主席和副主席的任期与他们同时担任的执行委员任期不冲突。即使主席和副主席的任期结束，如果执行委员的任期还没结束，他们仍然可以继续作为执行委员。伯南克作为联邦储备局执行委员的14年任期到2020年才结束。如果他愿意，即使不担任主席了，仍然可以继续作为7位执行委员之一，参与制定美国货币政策。在担任执行委员期间，他和联储主席享有同样的投票权利。从这些制度设计可以看出，美国总统虽然是美国最高行政长官，但对美联储货币政策的干预能力其实非常有限。运作机制播报编辑独立性作为美国的中央银行，美联储从美国国会获得权利。它被看作是独立的中央银行因其决议无需获得美国总统或者立法机关的任何高层的批准，它不接受美国国会的拨款，其成员任期也跨越多届总统及国会任期。其财政独立是由其巨大的赢利性保证的，主要归功于其对政府公债的所有权。它每年向政府返还几十亿美元。当然，美联储服从于美国国会的监督，后者定期观察其活动并通过法令来改变其职能。同时，美联储必须在政府建立的经济和金融政策的总体框架下工作。决策原理美国所有吸收储户存款的金融机构在美联储都有一个储备金账户（Re-serve Account）。这些金融机构除了美联储的会员银行外，还包括信用社（Credit Union）、存贷款协会（Sav-ings and Loan Association）、外国银行在美国的分支机构等。美联储要求所有在美国吸收储户存款的金融机构都必须存一部分资金在美联储应付储户突然的提款需要。这个资金账户被称为储备金账户。根据美联储的要求，每个机构的储备金账户余额不能低于它所吸纳的短期存款的一定比例。这个比例被称为储备金率或存款准备金率（Reserve Requirement Ratio）。如果某个金融机构的储备金低于要求，必须想办法筹集资金补足。相反，如果储备金高于美联储要求，多余的部分被称为超额储备金，可以随时取走。正常情况下，储备金不足的银行可以向有超额储备金的银行短期贷款，补足储备金。市场上这种金融机构间为满足储备金要求而进行的短期贷款利率被称为联邦基金利率。美联储通过公开市场操作来影响联邦基金利率。公开市场操作是指美联储通过买卖债券向市场投放或者收回货币的行为。比如美联储买入债券时，付给对方美元，就增加了市场中美元的供应；反之，美联储卖出债券时，就从市场收回了美元。这种操作被称为公开市场操作，因为市场上所有达到要求的金融机构都可以申请和美联储进行交易。公开市场委员会设定联邦基金利率目标后，美联储通过公开市场操作改变市场上货币的发行量，实现预先设定的目标利率。例如，市场上的联邦基金利率是2.5%，而公开市场委员会决定把利率提高到2.75%。为实现这个目标，美联储在公开市场上卖出债券，收回货币。这时金融机构持有的货币减少，超额储备金降低，银行间储备金的贷款利率上升。（通俗地说，就是市场上流通的现金少了，引起利率上升。）美联储进行这种操作，直到联邦基金利率达到2.75%的目标利率。如果美联储希望降低联邦基金利率，反向操作（买入债券，放出货币）就可以了。出于风险和市场容量的考虑，正常情况下，美联储在公开市场操作中买卖的债券主要是短期政府国债。美联储通过调节联邦基金利率这种短期利率，可以在金融市场上引起一系列的连锁反应。联邦基金利率的变化会直接影响其他短期利率（比如短期国债利率、商业票据利率等），然后进一步改变长期利率（如住房贷款利率、汽车贷款利率、长期企业债券利率等）。长期利率变化会影响家庭消费和企业投资：利率下降时，企业投资和家庭消费的成本降低，促进投资和消费增长。因此在经济衰退时，美联储通过降低利率来支持经济增长；反之经济过热时，美联储会提高利率抑制投资和消费。另外，美联储的利率政策也可以通过资产价格影响经济。比如利率降低时，投资到债券的收益下降。在其他条件不变的情况下，资金会从债券市场流向股票和其他资产市场，推高这些资产的价格。因此经济下滑时，美联储降低利率会对经济产生两个推动作用：首先，降低利率可以促进国内的投资和消费；其次，低利率也对股票和房地产等资产价格有支撑作用，提高家庭财富，鼓励家庭消费。此外，利率变化还会引起美元汇率变化，影响美国的进出口。局限性首先，影响金融市场的因素有很多，美联储设定的利率只是其中一种。比如影响金融市场非常重要的一个因素是投资者对未来经济形势的判断，即市场预期。美联储的利率政策如何影响市场预期，取决于投资者对政策的解读。而任何经济政策都可以有乐观和悲观两种解读，这带来了政策实施后的不确定性；第二，美联储调节联邦基金利率后，长期利率和实体经济如何反应也存在不确定性；第三，经济决策的数据依据往往存在滞后性，决策本身的效果也存在滞后性，这也导致了经济政策生效和退出的难度。收入来源播报编辑联邦储备系统的收入主要来自以下几个方面： [3]1、通过公开市场购入美国政府债券的利息收入。2、外汇投资的收入。3、向各种存款机构、商业银行贷款获得的利息收入。4、向存款机构、商业银行提供服务收取的报酬（比如为它们提供的支票结算，资金周转，自动化票据交易所等服务。在支付会员银行股息以后，联邦储备系统须将余下的收入上缴美国财政部，这大约占了全部联邦储备银行净收入的94%具体的收入支出情况，美国联邦储备委员会将在其年报中详细的说明）。如果一个联邦储备银行因为某种原因被清算，在偿还了所有的债务后，剩余的财产将被移交给美国财政部。加息时间表播报编辑北京时间2016年3月17日凌晨，美联储正如市场预期般宣布维持利率不变，并将年内加息次数由此前的4次下降至2次， [4]全球经济暗藏的下行风险以及美国仍处于低位的通胀率成为此次美联储暂缓加息的两大顾虑。北京时间2016年12月15日，美联储公布利率决议，宣布加息25个基点，这也将联邦基金利率目标范围提升至0.5%-0.75%，决议声明获得一致通过。这是美联储自2015年12月首次加息以来的二度加息，时隔整整一年。 [5]北京时间2016年12月15日，在美联储宣布年内首次加息之后，香港金管局也随后表示，将基准利率从0.75%上调至1%，即加息25个基点。 [6]北京时间2017年3月16日凌晨，美联储宣布：加息25个基点，联邦基金利率从0.5%~0.75%调升到0.75%~1%。美国1955年以来利息变化北京时间2017年6月15日，美联储宣布加息25基点，联邦基金利率从0.75%~1%调升到1%~1.25%。 [7]北京时间2017年9月21日，美联储宣布维持利率不变，同时从10月开始逐渐削减其高达4.5万亿美元的资产负债表规模。仍预计2017年再加息一次。预估显示2018年加息三次，2019年加息两次，2020年加息一次。 [8]美东时间2018年12月19日，美联储货币政策会后公布，决定加息25个基点，将联邦基金利率目标区间上调至2.25%-2.5%。 [9]当地时间2022年3月16日，美联储联邦公开市场委员会（FOMC）如市场预期将联邦基准利率从0%-0.25%区间上调25个基点至0.25%-0.50%区间，为该行2018年12月以来首次加息。在同时公布的（包含点阵图的）经济预测中，美联储官员预计2022年年底利率将达到1.9％。如果每次加息25个基点，美联储将在剩余的六次会议上每次都执行加息。 [17]当地时间2022年5月4日下午，美联储通过会议决定将美国联邦基金利率增加0.5%（即上涨50个基点，或调涨两码），以降低美国高企的通胀率。加息后，联邦基金利率区间增至0.75%到1%。这也是美联储22年来首次一次升息0.5%。 [19-20]2022年6月15日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布加息75个基点，将联邦基金利率目标区间上调至1.5%至1.75%之间。 [22]当地时间2022年7月27日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布加息75个基点，达到2.25%至2.5%的范围。 [24]当地时间2022年9月21日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布加息75个基点，将联邦基金利率目标区间上调到3.00%至3.25%之间，符合市场预期。这是美联储以来第五次加息，也是连续第三次加息75个基点，创自1981年以来的最大密集加息幅度。 [26]政策制定者还暗示，到2023年初，预计将进一步提高利率。受此消息影响，美股三大指数迅速转跌，美联储接连大幅加息经济学家担忧经济衰退风险。 [27]2022年12月14日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布将联邦基金利率目标区间上调50个基点到4.25%至4.50%之间。 [29]2023年2月1日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布，将联邦基金利率目标区间上调25个基点到4.5%至4.75%的水平，符合市场普遍预期。 [30]当地时间2023年3月22日，美联储宣布将联邦基金利率目标区间上调25个基点到4.75%至5%之间，为2007年10月以来的最高水平。这也是自2022年3月以来第九次加息。 [32]当地时间2023年5月3日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布上调联邦基金利率目标区间25个基点到5%至5.25%之间。这已经是美联储连续第10次加息，累计加息幅度达500个基点。 [33]美联储周三（2023年6月14日）决定，在评估前10次加息的影响时，反对连续第11次加息。 [34]当地时间2023年7月26日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布，将联邦基金利率目标区间上调25个基点到5.25%至5.5%的水平，达到自2001年以来的最高水平。这是美联储6月暂停加息一次后再次重启加息，也是自2022年3月以来第11次加息。 [36]降息时间表播报编辑当地时间2019年7月31日下午2点，北京时间8月1日凌晨2点，美国联邦储备委员会宣布，将联邦基金利率目标区间下调25个基点到2%至2.25%的水平。这是美联储自2008年12月以来首次降息。 [10]北京时间2019年9月19日凌晨，美联储再次宣布降息25个基点，将联邦基金利率目标区间下调至1.75%-2.00%。 [11]2020年3月3日，美联储宣布紧急降息50%。这是2008年金融危机以来，美国首次采取紧急降息措施，也是自那时起幅度最大的一次降息。 [12]2020年3月15日，美国联邦储备委员会宣布将联邦基金利率目标区间下调至零至0.25%的超低水平。 [13]紧急计划播报编辑2020年6月29日，美联储表示，一级市场公司信贷安排（PMCCF）于开放，这是其九个大流行病紧急贷款计划中的最后一个开始运作的项目。 [14]现任领导播报编辑杰罗姆·H·鲍威尔，美联储临时主席。 [16]2022年4月，美国总统乔·拜登将提名美国财政部老将、2010年《多德-弗兰克法案》的设计者之一Michael Barr担任美联储的银行监管最高负责人。 [18]当地时间2022年5月12日，美国参议院以80票同意、19票反对的投票结果，确认美联储主席鲍威尔继续连任，这将是鲍威尔的第二个四年任期。 [21]美国联邦储备委员会副主席：迈克尔·巴尔 [23]、布雷纳德（2023年2月20日离职） [31]、菲利普·杰斐逊 [37]美联储理事：阿德里安娜·库格勒、莉萨·库克 [37]违规事件播报编辑多名高官违规2021年，多名美联储高官被曝在2020年有异常交易行为，当时美联储为了应对新冠疫情对经济的冲击，将利率下调至近零利率水平并启动了大量救市资金。消息曝出后，时任达拉斯联储主席的罗伯特·卡普兰（Robert Kaplan）和波士顿联储主席艾瑞克·罗森格伦（Eric Rosengren）均宣布提前退休。风波还一度波及鲍威尔和时任美联储副主席理查德·克拉里达（Richard Clarida）。美联储督察长对鲍威尔的家庭信托和克拉里达的交易展开了调查，但在2022年7月表示未发现有违规交易的证据。继2021年数名美联储高官被曝出异常交易活动并引发美联储整改后，当地时间2022年10月14日，亚特兰大联储主席拉斐尔·伯斯蒂奇（Raphael Bostic）承认自己自任职五年来大量违反了证券交易的信披要求。表示，他为了避免利益冲突，将资产放置于自己无法指导的第三方资产管理公司，后者在美联储的交易限制时期进行了交易，且这些交易“无意中”未被记录到其信披文件。美联储主席鲍威尔已经下令展开调查，并将根据调查结果采取相应行动。 [28]新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

美国联邦储备委员会_百度百科

储备委员会_百度百科网页新闻贴吧知道网盘图片视频地图文库资讯采购百科百度首页登录注册进入词条全站搜索帮助首页秒懂百科特色百科知识专题加入百科百科团队权威合作下载百科APP个人中心美国联邦储备委员会播报讨论上传视频美国联邦储备系统的核心管理机构收藏查看我的收藏0有用+10美国联邦储备委员会（The Board of Governors of The Federal Reserve System），简称美联储委员会（Federal Reserve Board），是美国联邦储备系统（The Federal Reserve System）的核心管理机构，它是一个美国联邦政府机构，其办公地点位于美国华盛顿特区（Washington D.C.）。 [1]“美联储”一般是对整体储备系统的简称，而非对其委员会的简称。美国联邦储备委员会的现任主席（即美国联邦储备系统的最高长官）是杰罗姆·鲍威尔（Jerome Powell）。 [2]中文名美国联邦储备委员会外文名The Board of Governors of The Federal Reserve System简称美联储委员会办公地点美国华盛顿特区性质美国中央银行的管理部门目录1机构历史▪历史概述▪美联储起源▪美联储成立▪格林斯潘时期2机构组成3历任主席4主要职责5基本职能机构历史播报编辑历史概述美国最早具有中央银行职能的机构是1791年获批的美国第一银行和美国第二银行。1837年至1862年间的“自由银行时代”美国没有正式的中央银行，而自1862年至1913年间，一个（私营的）国家银行系统起到了这个作用。美联储是由美国国会在通过欧文·格拉斯法案（Owen-Glass Act，又称联邦储备法案）的基础上建立的，由伍德罗·威尔逊总统于1913年12月23日签字。美联储起源神秘的哲基尔岛：美联储的策源地1910年11月22日夜，纽约城外一节完全密封的火车车厢里，所有的车窗全部被窗帘严密地遮挡住，列车缓缓向南驶去。车厢里坐着的全是美国最重要的银行家，没有任何人知道他们此行的目的地。列车的终点是数百英里之外的佐治亚州的哲基尔岛。佐治亚州的哲基尔岛是一群美国超级富豪拥有的冬季度假胜地。以J.P.摩根为首的大腕们成立了一个哲基尔岛打猎俱乐部，地球上1/6的财富聚集在这个俱乐部会员的手中，会员身份只能继承，不可转让。此时，该俱乐部得到通知，有人要使用俱乐部场所大约两个星期，所有会员不能在这段时间内使用会所。会所的所有服务人员全部从大陆调来，对所有到达会所的客人一律只称呼名字，而绝对不能使用姓氏。会所周围50英里的范围内被确保不会出现任何记者。由于1907年银行危机以来，银行家在美国人民心目中的形象太差，以至于国会议员中没有人胆敢公开支持由银行家参与制订的法案，所以这些人不远千里从纽约躲到这个僻静的小岛来起草这个文件。另外，中央银行这个名称过于树大招风，自杰斐逊总统以来，中央银行的名称始终与英国的国际银行家阴谋联系过密，所以保罗建议用联邦储备系统（Federal Reserve System）的名称来遮人耳目。但是，它具有一切中央银行的职能，和英格兰银行一样，美联储被设计成私人拥有股份，并将从中获得巨大的利益。与第一银行和第二银行不同的是，美联储的股份构成中，原来20%的政府股份被拿掉了，它将成为一个“纯粹”的私有中央银行。为了使联邦储备系统更有欺骗性，在谁控制美联储的问题上，保罗巧妙地提出：“国会控制美联储，政府在董事会中拥有代表，但是董事会的多数成员由银行协会直接或间接控制。”后来，保罗把最后的版本改为“董事会成员由美国总统任命”，但是董事会的真正功能由联邦咨询委员会（Federal Advisory Council）所控制，联邦咨询委员会与董事会定期开会“讨论”工作。联邦咨询委员会成员将由12家联邦储备银行的董事决定，这一点被有意地向公众隐瞒了。美联储成立1903年，保罗将一份如何将欧洲中央银行的“先进经验”介绍到美国的行动纲领交给雅各布·希夫，这份文件随后又被转交给纽约国家城市银行（后来的花旗银行）总裁詹姆斯·斯蒂尔曼和纽约的银行家圈子，大家都觉得保罗的思想真如醍醐灌顶，使大家茅塞顿开。问题是美国历史上反对私有中央银行的政治力量和民间力量相当强大，纽约银行家在美国工业界和中小业主的圈子里口碑极差。国会的议员们对银行家提出的任何有关私有中央银行的提案都像躲避瘟疫一般避之唯恐不及。在这样的政治气氛中想通过有利于银行家的中央银行法案比登天还难。为了扭转这种不利的态势，一场巨大的金融危机开始被构想出来。首先是新闻舆论导向开始大量出现宣传新金融理念的文章。1907年1月6日发表了保罗的文章，题目是“我们银行系统的缺点和需要”，从此保罗成为美国倡导中央银行制度的首席吹鼓手。此后不久，雅各布·希夫在纽约商会宣称：“除非我们拥有一个足以控制信用资源的中央银行，否则我们将经历一场前所未有而且影响深远的金融危机。”[5]苍蝇不叮没缝的鸡蛋，与1837年、1857年、1873年、1884年和1893年一样，银行家们早已瞧出经济过热发展中出现的严重泡沫现象，这也是他们不断放松银根所导致的必然结果。整个过程形象地说就像银行家在鱼塘里养鱼，当银行家向鱼塘里放水时就是在放松银根，向经济体大量注入货币，在得到大量的金钱之后，各行各业的人就开始在金钱的诱惑之下日夜苦干，努力创造财富，这个过程就像水塘里的鱼儿使劲吸收各种养分，越长越肥。当银行家看到收获的时机成熟时，就会突然收紧银根，从鱼塘中开始抽水，这时鱼塘里的多数鱼儿就只有绝望地等着被捕获的命运。但是，什么时候开始抽水捞鱼却只有几个最大的银行寡头知道，当一个国家建立了私有的中央银行制度以后，银行寡头对放水抽水的控制就更加得心应手，收获也就越加精确。经济发展与衰退，财富积累与蒸发都成为银行家“科学饲养”的必然结果。摩根和他背后的国际银行家们精确地计算着这次金融风暴的预估成果。首先是震撼美国社会，让“事实”说明一个没有中央银行的社会是多么脆弱。其次是挤垮和兼并中小竞争对手，尤其是令银行家颇为侧目的信托投资公司。还有就是得到让他们垂涎已久的重要企业。1913年20日深夜，参众两院在若干重要问题上仍然没有达成一致。这些分歧包括：美联储地区银行的数量；如何确保储备金；黄金储备的比例；国内国际贸易中的货币结算问题；储备金更改提案；美联储发行的货币能否成为商业银行的储备金；政府债券作为联储货币发行抵押品的比例；通货膨胀问题等。[9]在经过21日紧张的一天之后，22日星期一《纽约时报》头版登出“货币提案今天可能成为法律”的重要新闻，这篇文章热情洋溢地称赞国会的效率，“以这种几乎是前所未有的速度，联席会议修正了两院提案的差异，在今天早晨全部完工”。这篇文章提到的时间段大约是星期一的凌晨1点30分到4点。一个即将影响每一个美国人的每一天生活的重要法案就是在这样一种仓促和压力之下进行的，绝大多数议员根本没有来得及仔细阅读修改之处，更别说提出修正案了。22日凌晨4点30分，最后文件被送交打印。7点整，最后校稿。下午2点，打印好的文件放在了议员的办公桌上，并通知下午4点开会。下午4点，会议开始。6点整，最后联席会议报告提交，此时大多数议员已经去吃晚饭了，会场上的议员寥寥无几。晚7点30分，格拉斯开始20分钟演讲，然后进入辩论阶段。晚11点开始表决，最后以298对60票获得众议院通过。23日，圣诞节前两天，参议院表决以43对25票（27人缺席）通过了《美联储法案》。威尔逊总统为报华尔街的知遇之恩，在参议院通过《美联储法案》仅一小时，就正式签署了该法案。华尔街和伦敦金融城顿时一片欢腾。林德伯格（Lindbergh）议员在这一天对众议院发表演讲：这个法案（《美联储法案》）授权了地球上最大的信用。当总统签署这个法案后，金钱权力这个看不见的政府将被合法化。人民在短期内不会知道这一点，但几年以后他们会看到这一切的。到时候，人民需要再次宣告《独立宣言》才能将自己从金钱权力之下解放出来。这个金钱权力将能够最终控制国会。如果我们的参议员和众议员不欺骗国会，华尔街是无法欺骗我们的。如果我们拥有一个人民的国会，人民将会有稳定（的生活）。国会最大的犯罪就是它的货币系统法案（《美联储法案》）。这个银行法案是我们这个时代最严重的立法犯罪。两党的头头和秘密会议再一次剥夺了人民从自己的政府得到益处的机会。[10]银行家们对这个法案却好评如潮，美利坚国家银行（American National Bank）的总裁奥利弗（Oliver Sands）热情洋溢地说：这个货币法案的通过将对整个国家带来有益的影响，它的运作将有利于商业活动。在我看来，这是一个普遍繁荣时代的开始。美联储的始作俑者奥尔德里奇参议员在1914年7月《独立》杂志对他的采访中透露：在这个法案（《美联储法案》）之前，纽约的银行家只能控制纽约地区的资金。在这之后，他们可以主宰整个国家的银行储备金。经过与美国政府一百多年的激烈较量，国际银行家终于达到了他们的目的，彻底控制了美国的国家货币发行权，英格兰银行的模式终于在美国被复制成功了。格林斯潘时期2006年1月31日是艾伦·格林斯潘担任美国联邦储备委员会（美联储）主席的最后一天。这一天，他主持召开了美联储2006年第一次货币政策决策会议，将联邦基金利率从4.25%提高到了4.5%。这一天离格林斯潘的80岁生日只有33天。到这一天为止，格林斯潘担任美联储主席一职已经18年5个月20天，任期之长仅次于在1951年至1970年担任这一职务的威廉·迈克切斯内·马丁，马丁的任期为18年9个月29天。格林斯潘1926年3月6日出生于美国纽约，高中毕业后考入著名的朱利亚音乐学院，一年后退学，转入纽约大学，于1948年以最优异的学业成绩获得经济学学士学位，1950年获得经济学硕士学位，随后进入哥伦比亚大学继续深造，中途辍学，1977年获得经济学博士学位。1954-1974年和1977-1987年，格林斯潘在他与威廉·汤森合作经营的“汤森-格林斯潘经济咨询公司”担任副总裁、董事长、总裁。在1987年8月就任美联储主席后，格林斯潘关闭了这家设在纽约的公司。1970-1974年，格林斯潘担任福特总统的经济顾问委员会成员，1974-1977年担任该委员会主席。1981-1983年，他担任全国社会保险改革委员会主席。此外，格林斯潘曾担任过财经结构与规则委员会委员、财政部顾问兼联邦储备委员会顾问、商务部经济顾问委员会成员、国会预算局顾问、总统国外情报顾问委员会成员等。他还曾担任过通用电缆、摩根、莫森信托以及飞马等公司的董事。1987年8月11日，格林斯潘被里根总统任命为美联储主席。1991年7月，老布什总统任命他继续担任这一职务。1996年2月，他被克林顿总统提名连任美联储主席，并在6月20日得到参议院以压倒多数批准。2000年1月，克林顿总统再次任命他为美联储主席，他于当年6月20日第四次就任这一职务。2004年5月18日，小布什总统提名格林斯潘担任美联储主席。6月17日，参议院批准这一提名。格林斯潘于6月19日第五次就任美联储主席职务。美联储是根据1913年《联邦储备法》建立的，为直属美国总统的独立行政机构之一，在美国政府中起中央银行的作用。美联储的7名成员全部由总统任命的，任期为14年，不得连任；美联储主席和副主席任期为4年，可在他们的成员任期内连任。格林斯潘最初就任美联储主席时，承接了前任保罗·沃尔克尚未结束的成员任期，他自己的成员任期是从1992年2月1日开始到2006年1月31日结束。在过去的18年多里，美国经济只出现过两次温和衰退，格林斯潘领导美联储应对了纽约股市大崩盘、亚洲金融危机、技术股泡沫破灭以及9·11恐怖袭击事件等等一系列重大危机，创造了长达10年的持续增长期，实现了经济在低通货膨胀率、低失业率条件下的快速增长。1998年7月15日，格林斯潘被授予“和平缔造者”奖，以表彰他为五位总统工作，为美国经济发展作出的努力。2002年8月，英国女王授予格林斯潘“爵士”荣誉称号，以表彰他对“全球经济稳定所作出的杰出贡献”。卸任之后格林斯潘计划写一本书，书中肯定会涉及对经济的看法，但不会对货币政策发表任何评论。同时，他还计划开一家名叫“GreenspanAssociates”的咨询公司。他的夫人米切尔说：“他（格林斯潘）的全部成年生活都是在试图了解经济是如何构成的过程中度过的，现在他也不会停止这样做”。机构组成播报编辑美国联邦储备委员会（Federal Reserve Board）由七名成员组成（其中主席和副主席各一位，委员五名），须由美国总统提名，经美国国会上院之参议院批准方可上任，任期为四年（主席和副主席任期为四年，可连任）。杰罗姆·鲍威尔（Jerome Powell）为现任美联储委员会主席。历任主席播报编辑1936年后的历任美国联邦储备委员会主席主席任期马瑞纳·伊寇斯（Marriner Eccles）1936年2月1日—1948年1月31日托马斯·麦克凯（Thomas McCabe）1948年4月15日—1951年3月31日小威廉·迈克切斯内·马丁（Willian McChesney Martini Jr .）1951年4月2日—1970年1月31日阿瑟·伯恩斯（Arthur Burns）1970年2月1日—1978年1月31日威廉·米勒（G．Willian Miller）1978年3月8日—1979年8月6日保罗·沃尔克（Paul A．Volcker）1979年8月6日—1987年8月11日艾伦·格林斯潘（Alan Greenspan）1987年8月11日—2006年1月31日本·伯南克（Ben Shalom Bernanke）2006年2月1日—2014年1月31日珍妮特·耶伦（Janet Yellen）2014年2月3日—2018年2月3日杰罗姆·鲍威尔（Jerome Powell）2018年2月5日—参考资料来源 [2]主要职责播报编辑1、制定并负责实施有关的货币政策；2、对银行机构实行监管，并保护消费者合法的信贷权利；3、维持金融系统的稳定；4、向美国政府，公众，金融机构，外国机构等提供可靠的金融服务。其它职责1、经济教育2、社会超越3、经济研究基本职能播报编辑1、通过三种主要的手段（公开市场操作，规定银行准备金比率，批准各联邦储备银行要求的贴现率）来实现相关货币政策；2、监督，指导各个联邦储备银行的活动；3、监管美国本土的银行，以及成员银行在海外的活动和外国银行在美国的活动；4、批准各联邦储备银行的预算及开支；5、任命每个联邦储备银行的九名董事中的三名；6、批准各个联邦储备银行董事会提名的储备银行行长人选；7、行使作为国家支付系统的权利；8、负责保护消费信贷的相关法律的实施；9、依照《汉弗莱·霍金斯法案》（Humphrey Hawkins Act）的规定，每年 2月20日及7月20日向国会提交经济与货币政策执行情况的报告（类似于半年报）；10、通过各种出版物向公众公布联邦储备系统及国家经济运行状况的详细的统计资料，如通过每月一期的联邦储备系统公告（Federal Reserve Bulletin）；11、每年年初向国会提交上一年的年度报告（需接受公众性质的会计师事务所审计）及预算报告（需接受美国审计总局的审计）；12、另外，委员会主席还需定时与美国总统及财政部长召开相关的会议并及时汇报有关情况，并在国际事务中履行好自己的职责。新手上路成长任务编辑入门编辑规则本人编辑我有疑问内容质疑在线客服官方贴吧意见反馈投诉建议举报不良信息未通过词条申诉投诉侵权信息封禁查询与解封©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号京公网安备110000020000

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